A cikin gallery na shafin Lorientlejour.com“, wani masani kan harkar shan taba kuma kwararre a harkar sigari daga Jami’ar Grenoble Alpes ya yi tsokaci kan halin da wadannan kasashe ke ciki wadanda suka yi nasarar hana al’umma shan taba. Ƙasashe kaɗan kamar Ireland da Ostiraliya, ko kuma ƙasa kamar Scotland (Birtaniya), sun yi nasarar hana mazaunansu shan taba. Ta yaya suka yi?
WASU KASASHE SUN YI NASARA AKAN HANA MUTANE SHAN TABA
Ƙasashe kaɗan kamar Ireland da Ostiraliya, ko kuma ƙasa kamar Scotland (Birtaniya), sun yi nasarar hana mazaunansu shan taba. Ta yaya suka yi? Ta hanyar tura dukkan matakan tsattsauran ra'ayi, waɗanda a yanzu misali ne da za mu bi a yaƙi da jarabar nicotine.
Faransa ta kuma dauki daya daga cikin wadannan matakan, kunshin taba sigari, wanda ke aiki tun ranar 1 ga Janairu. Amma Faransa a yanzu tana tsakiyar tsakiyar ford. Idan bai yi aiki a lokaci guda akan sauran levers ba, musamman ta hanyar sanya jerin abubuwan haɓakar farashi mai ƙarfi, sakamakon yana da yuwuwa… ba zai kasance a can ba.
Daya daga cikin masu shan taba zai mutu sakamakon shan taba, in ji Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO). An kiyasta farashin tattalin arzikin cututtukan da ke da alaka da taba a duniya ya kai dala biliyan 422 (kimanin Yuro biliyan 400), a cewar wani bincike da aka buga a ranar 4 ga watan Janairu a cikin Mujallar Taba Sigari. Don haka, yana da kyau a fahimci cewa WHO ta bukaci gwamnatoci, tun daga shekara ta 2003, da su tattauna gaba daya hanyoyin da za a ba da fifiko wajen yakar wannan annoba. Ya zuwa yanzu, kasashe 180 sun amince da yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan batun, Tsarin Yarjejeniyar Kula da Sigari.
Dabarun da wannan yarjejeniya ta ƙunsa ta dogara ne akan haramcin tallan taba, hauhawar farashin ta hanyar haraji, kare waɗanda ba sa shan taba daga shan taba, ilimi da kuma bayanai kan illolin taba da taimakon hana shan taba.
YAKI SABABBIN SANA'AR TABA
A shekarar 2016, babban taron jam'iyyu karo na 7 (watau kasashen da suka amince da shi), COP7, ya kuma yi kira da a yaki da "dabarun masana'antar taba da ke kawo cikas ko karkatar da shan taba".
A cikin wadanda suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, wasu sun banbanta kan su ta hanyar gudanar da aikin sanya shan taba sigari ya zama tsohon zamani a tsakanin matasa da kuma hana galibin manya daga shan taba. Ireland, don farawa. Gwamnatin Dublin ta kafa dokar hana shan taba a cikin jama'a da wuraren gama gari tun farkon shekara ta 2004. Dokar hana shan taba ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi tsananin wanzuwa, saboda haramcin ya shafi mashaya, mashaya, gidajen abinci, kulake, amma kuma wuraren aiki, gine-ginen jama'a, motocin kamfani, manyan motoci, tasi da manyan motoci. Bugu da ƙari, ya shimfiɗa zuwa wani kewayen da ke tsakanin radius na mita 3 daga waɗannan wurare. A cikin mashaya, haɓaka ingancin iska da na aikin numfashi na abokan ciniki da masu shayarwa an tabbatar da su ta hanyar bincike da yawa, kamar wanda aka yi shekara guda bayan dakatarwa, rahoton Ofishin kula da taba sigari na Irish ko na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Irish.
Ƙaddamar da dokar hana shan sigari cikin sauri ya rage yawan shan taba a wannan ƙasa daga kashi 29% a cikin 2004 zuwa kashi 18,6% a cikin 2016, a cewar Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Irish. Idan aka kwatanta, wannan adadin ya ɗan ragu kaɗan a Faransa, daga 30% a cikin 2004 zuwa 28% a cikin 2016 - kuma ya kasance mai ƙarfi tun daga 2014, a cewar Cibiyar Kula da Magunguna da Magunguna ta Faransa (OFDT). Manufar gaba ita ce "Ireland ba tare da taba ba" a cikin 2025, wato kasa da 5% na masu shan taba a cikin yawan jama'a.
Scotland ta bi Ireland a hankali, inda ta kada kuri'a shekaru biyu bayan hana shan taba a wuraren jama'a da na jama'a. Aikace-aikacen sa ya rage yawan shan sigari na Scots daga 26,5% a cikin 2004 zuwa 21% a cikin 2016. A cikin 2016, Scotland ta ci gaba da hana manya shan taba a cikin motocin su a gaban yara masu ƙasa da shekaru. Wannan ya kamata ya ceci yara 60 a shekara daga haɗarin da ke tattare da shan taba, in ji MP Jim Hume, a farkon rubutun dokar.
Wani zakara a yakin da ake yi da taba, Ostiraliya. Babban batu mai karfi na wannan kasa? Amincewar fakitin taba sigari a cikin 2012. Adadin yawan shan taba, wanda ya riga ya kasance matsakaici, ya ƙara raguwa, daga 16,1% a cikin 2011-2012 zuwa 14,7% a cikin 2014-2015. Wannan ƙasar yanzu tana da niyya don haɗa kunshin tsaka tsaki da karuwar haraji na shekara-shekara na 12,5% kowace shekara na shekaru 4. Fakitin sigari, a halin yanzu yana kan Yuro 16,8, sannan zai ƙaru zuwa… Yuro 27 a shekarar 2020. Manufar ita ce ta ragu ƙasa da kashi 10% na masu shan taba nan da 2018.
Tare da munanan manufofinsu na hana shan sigari, waɗannan ƙasashe suna haifar da martani daga masu kera taba. Masu kera, waɗanda ake kira Babban Taba na 5 mafi girma (Taba ta Imperial, Taba ta Amurka ta Biritaniya, Philip Morris, Japan Tobacco International, China Taba), a haƙiƙa suna ɗaukar matakin doka a kan ƙasashen da suka karɓi, misali, marufi. Suna kara ne da laifin cin zarafi na fasaha da 'yancin kasuwanci da kuma haɗarin yin jabun, saboda waɗannan fakitin sun fi sauƙin kwafi. Don haka, Japan Tobacco International ta shigar da ƙara a Ireland game da kunshin tsaka tsaki a cikin 2015. Har yanzu ba a yanke shawarar ba.
PHILIP MORRIS YA KORI KOKARIN SA AKAN KASHIN TSARKI.
A matakin Turai, Kotun Shari'a ta Tarayyar Turai (CJEU) ta yi watsi da, a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2016, ƙarar Philip Morris International da Tobacco na Biritaniya na Amurka game da sabuwar dokar Turai ta gamayya da kunshin tsaka tsaki. A Ostiraliya, an kori Philip Morris daga irin wannan korafi a watan Disamba 2015 ta Kotun Hukunta Zuba Jari dangane da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha. An umarce shi da ya janye tambarin kuma ya yi watsi da sharuɗan zane na samfuransa.
A Faransa, ina muke? Faransa ta fara taka leda, a farkon shekarun 2000, akan hauhawar farashin, wanda ya haifar da raguwar kusan kashi uku na siyar da sigari. Kamar yadda Farfesa Gérard Dubois ya nuna a cikin Revue des Maladies Respiraires, karuwar farashin taba a cikin 2003 (8,3% a cikin Janairu, 18% a cikin Oktoba) sannan a cikin 2004 (8,5% a cikin Janairu) ya haifar da sama da lokaci guda. raguwar yawan shan taba da kashi 12%, inda adadin masu shan taba ya ragu daga miliyan 15,3 zuwa miliyan 13,5.
Daga baya, mafi yawan matsakaicin haɓaka yana da ɗan ƙaramin tasiri, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin binciken da aka buga a cikin 2013 ta masanin cututtukan cututtuka na Cibiyar Gustave Roussy, Catherine Hill. A kan wannan batu, rahoton na Kotun Masu Auditors na Fabrairu 2016 ya bayyana a fili: "Za a sanya karuwar farashi mai ƙarfi da ci gaba. Kotun na Masu binciken don haka ya ba da shawarar "aiwatar da manufar haɓakar farashi mai dorewa a cikin dogon lokaci ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin haraji a matakin da ya dace don haifar da raguwa mai tasiri da dindindin a cikin amfani". Daidai abin da aka yanke shawara a Ostiraliya.
A Faransa, har yanzu muna da nisa daga alamar. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, farashin sigari ya ƙaru da matsakaicin 15%, ko tsakanin Yuro 1 da Yuro 1,50 akan kowane fakiti. Ana ci gaba da sayar da fakitin taba sigari tsakanin Yuro 6,50 zuwa 7, saboda masana'antun sun yi watsi da karin farashin duk da karin haraji. A ranar 10 ga Maris, an yanke shawarar kara farashin sigari mafi arha ne kawai, tare da karuwar centi 10 zuwa 20 na Yuro kowane fakitin.
A kan kansa, kunshin tsaka tsaki ba zai yuwu ya rage yawan masu shan taba ba. Lallai, haɗuwa da matakan da yawa ke haifar da inganci. Idan Faransa na fatan zama misali, wata rana, ga sauran ƙasashe, don yaƙi da tabar sigari, to dole ne ta sami kwarin guiwa daga ƙasashe kamar Australia ko Ireland tare da ɗaukar matakai masu tsauri.
