Ma e-fodya, mafoni a m'manja… Ngozi zochulukirachulukira tsopano zalumikizidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu-ion! Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe cha 2016, milandu yambiri ya Samsung Galaxy Note 7 kutenthedwa kapena kuphulika kapena kuphulika kudadzetsa chisokonezo ndikupangitsa kusakhulupirirana. Vutoli nthawi zambiri limapezeka ndi mabatire a e-fodya omwe amawotcha kapena amaphulika chifukwa chosagwira bwino. Koma ndiye, kodi tiyenera kuda nkhawa za chitetezo cha mabatire a lithiamu-ion?
KUSINTHA KWA ELECTRONICS! ZABWINO KWAKUFIKA KWA VAPE!
Malaputopu, ndudu za e-fodya, magalimoto amagetsi ngakhalenso… ndege zomwe zimayaka moto: mndandandawu ndi wodetsa nkhawa. Kudziwa kuti gawo lomwelo limasankhidwa: batire lotchedwa "lithium-ion", lomwe lili mu zida zonse zomangidwa. Ogulitsidwa mu 1991, mabatire awa tsopano ali ponseponse muzinthu za moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, kuchokera ku makompyuta kupita ku mafoni a m'manja ndi mapiritsi.
« Ukadaulo uwu wasintha kwambiri pazamagetsi zonyamula katundu, akuwunika Renaud Bouchet, pulofesa wa electrochemistry ku Polytechnic Institute of Grenoble.Ngati tifuna kusunga mphamvu yofanana ndi batire ya nickel-metal hydride, mwachitsanzo, imayenera kukhala yolemera kuwirikiza katatu ndi kukulirapo!« Choncho, n'zomveka kuti opanga adadalira kuti apange zipangizo zathu zambiri zonyamula katundu.
Makamaka popeza ntchito ya batri ya lithiamu-ion ndi yophweka kwambiri, mochuluka kwambiri kuposa ya batri ya asidi-acid, mwachitsanzo. Zimatengera zinthu zitatu: electrode yabwino (cathode), ina yoyipa (anode), ndi wosanjikiza wamadzimadzi pamagetsi pakati pa awiriwo (electrolyte). Panthawi yotulutsa, ma lithiamu ion omwe amapezeka mu anode amasamukira ku cathode, yomwe imakankhira anode kuti itulutse ma electron ndipo, motero, imapereka mphamvu yamagetsi. Pakulipira, ndizosiyana: pamene magetsi abweretsedwa ku batri, anode imapezanso ma electron, omwe amakopa ma lithiamu ions a cathode.
N'zovuta lero kulingalira ndudu zothandiza komanso zogwira mtima zoterezi popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu-ion.
TEKNOLOJIA YOMWE IKUSONYEZA KUTI KULIBE CHOWONONGA CHENENI!
Koma ndiye mavutowo amachokera kuti? « Ukadaulo uwu ulibe ngozi yeniyeni yachitetezo, ndipo chemistry yake imayendetsedwa bwino , tsimikizirani Jean Marie Tarascon, katswiri wa chemistry yolimba 
College de France. Kutentha kwa batire yotereyi kungakhale ndi chiyambi ziwiri: mwina mawonekedwe ake amalepheretsa kuthamangitsidwa kwa kutentha panthawi yolipiritsa; kapena ma elekitirodi awiri amakumana, zomwe zimapanga kagawo kakang'ono ndikupangitsa kuthawa kwamafuta.«
Electrolyte, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsekereza ma elekitirodi awiriwa, popeza nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyaka kwambiri, iyenera kusungidwa kutali ndi kutentha kulikonse. Kupanda kutero, chimodzi mwazizindikiro zochenjeza za kutentha kwambiri kumatha kukhala kutupa kwa batri: ndibwino kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito ...
Komabe, pakali pano, kampani iliyonse imatha kupanga batire yotetezeka potsatira mfundo ziwiri zosavuta: kuganizira kutentha panthawi yolipiritsa ndikuphatikiza cholekanitsa (zinthu zapulasitiki zomwe zimavala electrolyte) mokwanira kuti ziteteze kukhudzana kulikonse pakati pa ma electrode.
KWA ZAKA ZINGAPO ZOYENERA KUKHALA NDI CHITETEZO CHONSE?
Komabe, mu mpikisano wawo kuti agwire ntchito, opanga ena akusankha kuchepetsa chitetezo. M'malo mwake, « pakadali pano, njira yokhayo yopititsira patsogolo kudziyimira pawokha kwa batri ndikuwonjezera makulidwe a maelekitirodi, ndikuchepetsa ya olekanitsa, kuti musunge voliyumu yokhazikika.« , amachitira umboni Renaud Bouchet. Ndipo izi zimabweretsa mavuto angapo.
Choyamba, pochepetsa makulidwe a olekanitsa - nthawi zina ndi theka! -, opanga amawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi vuto pamtima pake. Nthawi zina, izi zingayambitse kukhudzana pakati pa ma electrode, choncho ndi dera lalifupi. Vuto lina: pakulipiritsa, zosokoneza zimatha kupanga pamlingo wa anode. Ma ion a lithiamu samakwanira bwino mu electrode yoyipa ndikupanga zitsulo zazing'ono, zotchedwa dendrites. Zomwe zingakhalenso chifukwa cha dera lalifupi, popanga mtundu wa mlatho wa conductive pakati pa ma elekitirodi awiri. Chifukwa chake phindu, kamodzinso, kwa cholekanitsa chakuda.
Komanso, maonekedwe a dendrite otchukawa amawonekera kawirikawiri pamene mphamvu yamakono ikuwonjezeka panthawi yolipiritsa, yomwe imakhala yofunikira ndi ma electrode owonjezera. Ditto pamene opanga amayesa kuchepetsa nthawi yolipiritsa: njira yokhayo yokwaniritsira izi ndikuwonjezera pang'ono mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imaperekedwa panthawi yolipiritsa, motero kuonjezera chiopsezo chafupipafupi chifukwa cha mapangidwe a dendrites.
Mwachidule, makampani amakankhira teknoloji ya lithiamu-ion mpaka malire ake, omwe amalimbikitsa ngozi. Kodi tingakhalebe ndi chiyembekezo chodzakhala ndi mabatire amphamvu kwambiri popanda kuphulika pamaso pathu? Ngakhale kuti opanga adzatsimikizira, kubwera kwa ma chemistry atsopano kudzatsimikizira izi. Zomwe zingatenge zaka zambiri.
ZOYENERA KUCHITA PAMENE MUKUDIKIRA KUPEZA CHITETEZO CHAKUCHULUKA?
Pankhani ya ndudu ya e-fodya, mu 99% ya kuphulika kwa batri, si chitsanzo chomwe chili ndi udindo koma wogwiritsa ntchito., ngoziyi nthawi zambiri imabwera chifukwa chonyalanyaza kugwiritsa ntchito mabatire a lithiamu-ion.
Pofuna kupewa vuto lililonse ndi mabatire amtunduwu malamulo ena achitetezo ayenera kutsatiridwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito motetezeka :
- Osagwiritsa ntchito makina amakina ngati mulibe chidziwitso chofunikira. Izi sizimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi batri iliyonse...
- Osayika batire limodzi kapena angapo m'matumba anu (kukhalapo kwa makiyi, magawo omwe amatha kuzungulira)
- Nthawi zonse sungani kapena tumizani mabatire anu m'mabokosi kuti awalekanitse
Ngati muli ndi kukayikira kulikonse, kapena ngati mulibe chidziwitso, kumbukirani kufunsa musanagule, kugwiritsa ntchito kapena kusunga mabatire. apa ndi maphunziro athunthu operekedwa ku Mabatire a Li-Ion zimene zingakuthandizeni kuona zinthu bwinobwino.
gwero : science-and-life.com
