Mu chithunzi cha tsambali Lorientlejour.com“Katswiri wina wa za mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso katswiri wa za fodya wa pa yunivesite ya Grenoble Alpes anatsindika kwambiri za mmene mayikowa akuchitira polepheretsa anthu ambiri kusuta. Maiko oŵerengeka monga Ireland ndi Australia, kapena dziko longa Scotland (Great Britain), apambana m’kuletsa nzika zawo kusuta. Kodi iwo anachita motani izo?
MAYIKO ENA ACHITA BWINO POPEZA ANTHU KUTSUTSA FOTO.
Maiko oŵerengeka monga Ireland ndi Australia, kapena dziko longa Scotland (Great Britain), apambana m’kuletsa nzika zawo kusuta. Kodi iwo anachita motani izo? Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zazikulu, zomwe tsopano ndi chitsanzo choti titsatire polimbana ndi chizolowezi cha chikonga.
France yatenganso chimodzi mwazinthu izi, paketi ya ndudu yosalowerera ndale, yomwe ikugwira ntchito kuyambira Januware 1. Koma France tsopano ili pakati pa ford. Ngati sichichita nthawi imodzi pazitsulo zina, makamaka pokakamiza kuwonjezereka kwamitengo kwamphamvu kwambiri, zotsatira zake zimakhala zowoneka bwino ... kusakhalapo.
Mmodzi mwa osuta aŵiri adzafa ndi kusuta, likutero Bungwe la World Health Organization (WHO). Mtengo wachuma wa matenda okhudzana ndi fodya padziko lonse lapansi ukuyembekezeka kukhala madola 422 biliyoni (pafupifupi ma euro 400 biliyoni), malinga ndi kafukufuku wofalitsidwa pa Januware 4 m'magazini ya Fodya. Choncho, n’zomveka kuti bungwe la WHO linalimbikitsa maboma, koyambirira kwa chaka cha 2003, kuti akambirane zonse pamodzi njira zoyanjidwa polimbana ndi mliriwu. Mpaka pano, mayiko 180 avomereza pangano la United Nations pankhaniyi, Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Njira yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi msonkhanowu idakhazikitsidwa pakuletsa kutsatsa kwa fodya, kukwera kwamitengo kudzera m'misonkho, kuteteza anthu osasuta kusuta fodya, maphunziro ndi chidziwitso chokhudza kuopsa kwa fodya ndi chithandizo chosiya kusuta.
KULIMBANA NJIRA ZA PINDA YA FOWA
Mu 2016, msonkhano wa 7th Conference of Parties (i.e. mayiko omwe adavomereza), COP7, adapemphanso kuti athetse "njira zamakampani a fodya zomwe zimalepheretsa kapena kusokoneza kusuta fodya".
Pakati pa osayinawo, ena adzizindikiritsa okha mwa kuchita ntchito yopangitsa kusuta fodya kukhala kwachikale kwa achinyamata ndi kuletsa unyinji wa achikulire kusuta. Ireland, poyambira. Boma la Dublin linakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa kusuta fodya m’malo opezeka anthu ambiri komanso m’malo opezeka anthu onse kuyambira m’chaka cha 2004. Lamulo lake loletsa kusuta limaonedwa kuti ndi limodzi mwa malamulo okhwima kwambiri, chifukwa lamuloli limagwira ntchito ku malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, malo odyera, malo odyera, makalabu, komanso. malo ogwirira ntchito, nyumba za anthu, magalimoto amakampani, magalimoto, ma taxi ndi ma vani. Kuphatikiza apo, imafikira kumtunda womwe uli mkati mwa mtunda wa mita 3 kuchokera kumalo awa. M'ma pubs, kusintha kwa mpweya komanso kupuma kwa makasitomala ndi ogulitsa kumatsimikiziridwa ndi maphunziro angapo, monga omwe adachitika patatha chaka chiletso chiletsedwe, lipoti la Irish Office of control fodya kapena la Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ku Ireland.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo oletsa kusuta fodya kwachepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kusuta kwa dzikolo kuchoka pa 29% mu 2004 mpaka 18,6% mu 2016, malinga ndi dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ku Ireland. Poyerekeza, chiwerengerochi chatsika pang'ono ku France, kuchokera ku 30% mu 2004 mpaka 28% mu 2016 - chakhalanso chokhazikika kuyambira 2014, malinga ndi French Observatory for Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT). Cholinga chotsatira ndi "Ireland yopanda fodya" mu 2025, ndiko kunena kuti ochepera 5% mwa anthu osuta.
Scotland inatsatira kwambiri Ireland, kuvota patatha zaka ziwiri ataletsa kusuta fodya m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri komanso anthu ammudzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kunachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kusuta kwa Scots kuchokera ku 26,5% mu 2004 mpaka 21% mu 2016. Mu 2016, Scotland inapita patsogolo poletsa akuluakulu kusuta fodya m'magalimoto awo pamaso pa ana aang'ono . Izi ziyenera kupulumutsa ana a 60 pachaka kuopsa kwa kusuta fodya, adatero MP Jim Hume, poyambitsa malemba a lamulo.
Wopambana wina pankhondo yolimbana ndi fodya, Australia. Mfundo yaikulu yamphamvu ya dziko lino? Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma phukusi osavuta a ndudu mu 2012. Kuchuluka kwa kusuta fodya, komwe kunali kocheperako, kunacheperanso, kuchokera ku 16,1% mu 2011-2012 mpaka 14,7% mu 2014-2015. Dziko lino likufuna kuphatikizira kusalowerera ndale komanso kukwera kwa msonkho kwapachaka kwa 12,5% pachaka kwa zaka 4. Phukusi la ndudu, lomwe pano lili pa 16,8 euros, likwera kufika… 27 mayuro mu 2020. Cholinga ndikutsitsa 10% ya osuta pofika 2018.
Ndi ndondomeko zawo zonyansa zotsutsa fodya, maiko ameneŵa amasonkhezera zochita za opanga fodya. Opanga, otchedwa Big Fodya wa 5 waukulu kwambiri (Imperial Fodya, British American Fodya, Philip Morris, Japan Tobacco International, China Fodya), ali kuchitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi mayiko omwe amatengera, mwachitsanzo, kulongedza zinthu. Iwo akuzenga mlandu wophwanya nzeru ndi ufulu wa malonda komanso chiopsezo chachinyengo, chifukwa chakuti mapepalawa ndi osavuta kukopera. Choncho, Japan Tobacco International inapereka madandaulo ku Ireland motsutsana ndi ndondomeko ya ndale mu 2015. Chigamulo sichinaperekedwebe.
PHILIP MORRIS ANABWERA DANDAULO LAKE LOKHALA NA NUTRAL PACKAGE.
Pa May 4, 2016, Khoti Loona za Chilungamo la European Union (CJEU) linakana apilo ya Philip Morris International ndi British American Fodya yotsutsa lamulo latsopano la ku Ulaya lokhazikitsa zinthu zonse. Ku Australia, Philip Morris adachotsedwa kudandaulo lofananalo mu Disembala 2015 ndi Investment Arbitration Tribunal pokhudzana ndi ufulu wazinthu zanzeru. Analamulidwa kuti achotse chizindikirocho ndikusiya zojambulajambula zamtundu wake.
Ku France, tili kuti? France idasewera koyamba, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, pakuwonjezeka kwamitengo, zomwe zidachepetsa pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a malonda a fodya. Monga momwe Pulofesa Gérard Dubois akunenera mu Revue des Maladies Respiraires, kukwera kwakukulu kwa mtengo wa fodya mu 2003 (8,3% mu Januwale, 18% mu October) ndiye mu 2004 (8,5% mu Januwale) kutsika kwa kufala kwa kusuta fodya ndi 12%, ndipo chiwerengero cha osuta chikutsika kuchoka pa 15,3 miliyoni kufika pa 13,5 miliyoni.
Pambuyo pake, kuwonjezereka kwapang'onopang'ono kunali ndi zotsatira zochepa, monga momwe kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu 2013 ndi katswiri wa matenda a miliri a Gustave Roussy Institute, Catherine Hill. Pamfundoyi, lipoti la Khoti Loona za Auditor la February 2016 likuwonekera momveka bwino: “Kukwera kwamitengo kwamphamvu komanso kosalekeza kuyenera kuperekedwa. Choncho Khoti la Auditors limalimbikitsa "kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yowonjezereka kwa mtengo wokhazikika kwa nthawi yaitali pogwiritsa ntchito chida cha msonkho pamlingo wokwanira kuti athetse kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera komanso kosatha". Ndendende zomwe zinasankhidwa ku Australia.
Ku France, tidakali kutali ndi chizindikiro. Pa February 20, mtengo wa fodya wogubuduza udakwera ndi 15% pafupifupi, kapena pakati pa 1 euro ndi 1,50 euro yowonjezera pa paketi. Mapaketi a ndudu akupitilizabe kugulitsa pakati pa 6,50 ndi 7 euros, popeza opanga achotsa kukwera kwamitengo ngakhale misonkho ikuwonjezeka. Pa Marichi 10, chigamulocho chinatengedwa kuti chiwonjezere mtengo wa ndudu zotsika mtengo, ndikuwonjezeka kwa masenti 10 mpaka 20 euro pa paketi.
Payokha, phukusi losalowerera ndale silingachepetse kuchuluka kwa osuta. Zowonadi, ndiko kuphatikiza njira zingapo zomwe zimatsogolera kuchita bwino. Ngati dziko la France likuyembekeza kukhala mwachitsanzo, tsiku lina, kumayiko ena chifukwa cha nkhondo yake yolimbana ndi fodya, liyenera kulimbikitsidwa ndi mayiko ngati Australia kapena Ireland ndikuchitapo kanthu mwamphamvu kwambiri.
