Chakavanzika uye gumdrops! Ndiani watinonyatso kwereta kugadzirwa kwefodya yefodya, ichi chishandiso chekudzikisa njodzi icho chave kuwedzera simba kweanopfuura makore gumi izvozvi? Kuburikidza neiyi faira rakagadzirwa nevashandi vedu vekudhiza, uchakwanisa kuona kuti chigadzirwa ichi hachisi chibereko chemunhu mumwechete asi ibasa rekubatana rakaitwa kwemakumi emakore akati wandei.
KUSVIRWA KWEE-CIGARETTE - CHINHU CHOKWADI CHINOONEKA: Fodya
Zvakakomba here kutaura nezve kugadzirwa kwechishandiso chekudzikisa njodzi senge e-fodya pasina kutaura nhoroondo yefodya? Zvinoratidzika kwatiri zvakajeka kwete. Kana kukakavara kuchigona kuitika zvechokwadi, tinotenda kuti dai fodya isipo, e-fodya ingadai isipo.
Chekutanga, ngatipindei munhoroondo yefodya. Inofungidzirwa kuti yekutanga zvirimwa zvefodya yakatanga kurimwa zviuru zvemakore zvakapfuura. Zuva rinochinja pakati 8000 makore kune kondinendi yeAmerica et Makore 3000 kune kondinendi yeEurope.
Kubva kuAntiquity, tinoona kutaridzika kwekudyiwa kwe "fodya" muEurope. Saizvozvowo, muAfrica, panguva nguva yeEgipita. Panguva iyoyo, yakanga isiri yefodya seyakadaro, asi zvakanyanya pamusoro pekupisa zvirimwa uye kushandisa chiutsi kuporesa kana kunamata. Tinobva tashandisa eucalyptus nemashizha emuti wepeya kusvuta pombi. Asi, nekuda kwezvirimwa zvinorimwa kuSouth America neCentral America kuti fodya yatinoziva nhasi yakazvarwa.
NezveAmerica, tsika dzekutanga dzefodya dzaizodzokera kumashure nguva yeMayan, makore anenge zviuru zvisere. VaMaya vakashandisa fodya kuzvirapa, asiwo mumitambo yavo yechitendero neyemashiripiti, mitambo yakasiyana-siyana yevanhu uye mitambo inokosha.
KuEurope, fodya yakangoonekwa mushure mekuwanikwa kweAmerica ne Christophe Colomb muna 1492. Iyi inobva yaunzwa kunze kwenyika, yobva yatengeswa. Bhizinesi rake rakaramba richikura mumazana emakore akatevera.
Zvisinei, zviri mukati chete 1843, izvo yekutanga mudzanga wepamutemo unogadzirwa. Inobva yaonekwa senzira inoshanda uye isingadhuri yekukwanisa kushandisa fodya. Hafu yezana remakore gare gare, yakazvisimbisa sechigadzirwa chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye yakatove chinhu chefashoni, kune dambudziko guru revashandi vehutano.
Yakarimwa mumakondinendi ose, fodya inopinda zvachose mutsika. Kufambira mberi kwehunyanzvi nemaindasitiri kunoita kuti zvive nyore kugadzira fodya iyi, inomira yakanangana nequid, pombi kana kunyange cigar. Fodya ine sefa yatinoshandisa nhasi yakaonekwa kuSwitzerland kuma1930 uye yakasvika mudzimba dzeFrance muna 1950.
KUSVIRWA KWEE-CIGARETTE - ZVAKARE ZVAKARE ZVOKUTANGA ZVINHU.
Isu taiwanzofarira kufambidzana nekutanga kwe-e-fodya kusvika pakutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20. Asi tinoziva zvakare kuti pakati pe XNUMXth century bv Le XNUMXnd century av. AD, más vaSitiya yakavakirwa kuEgypt yaive netsika ine chekuita nemhepo. Kana isu tisingakwanise kutaura nezve e-fodya kana vaping, zvinonetsa kufungidzira kuti boka iri reIndo-European vanhu vanobva kuEurasia vakapinda muEgypt vangadai vakabatsira mukusikwa kwefodya. zviuru zvemakore gare gare.
Herodotus, munyori wenhoroondo dzechiGiriki uye munyori wejogirafi, akafunga nezvemunyori wezvakaitika kare uye akatumidza zita remadunhurirwa rokuti “ baba venhoroondo "akanyora munguva yake:" VaSitiya vanotora chikamu chemhodzi iyi yehemp voikanda pamatombo matsvuku anopisa; pakarepo inopfava uye inopa mhute iyo isina muGreece yekugezera inogona kupfuura; vaSitiya, vachifara, vanoshevedzera nomufaro. ".
Dzinza re Safavids ou Safavids uyo aitonga Persia kubva 1501 à 1736 akashandisa yatava kunzi hookah kana kuti hookah. Kana isu tisati titaure nezve vaporization sezvatinozviziva nhasi, zvichiri kutanga kwevaping izvo zvakajeka hazvikodzere kufuratirwa.
Kuti tiuye kune e-fodya yemazuva ano, tinofanira kusvetukira mberi mazana emakore akawanda kusvika pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20.
KUSVIRWA KWEE-CIGARETTE - HENRY FERRE (1903)
Kuzvikudza kana nhoroondo yechokwadi, haisi nguva dzose mubvunzo weFrench Henry Ferre mukugadzirwa kunoshamisa kwe e-fodya. Nekudaro, kune vamwe, maFrench angave asiri akawanda kana mashoma pane wekutanga mugadziri wefodya yemazuva ano yemagetsi. Zviripachena, maAmerican kana maChinese havabvumirane nechirevo ichi.
Asi muna 1903, mufesi weParisian Henry Ferre ine pfungwa yekugadzira chinhu chinoshandura. Iyo tubular inhaler inoshanda nekuda kwemusanganiswa wezvakawanda zvemakemikari zvinhu zvinoburitsa mhute chena. Kugadzira mhute iyi, Henry Ferré anoshandisa musanganiswa wehydrochloric acid, mushonga une mvura weammonium carbonate uye polyatomic alcohol. Kune wemishonga, hapana mubvunzo. Zvaakasika hazvikuvadzi.
Inoratidzwa naHenry Ferré nenzira iyi: Aya maoiri, ayo anokwanisa kuvharwa kana kuvhurwa, anobvumira kugadzirwa, nekukweva kana nekumanikidza, yemhepo yazvino inobata padonje kana iyo yakazara porous zvinhu zvinogadzira kune imwe neimwe mudziyo aerosol yakasiyana, iyo yakasanganiswa mumhepo. chamber, inoumbwa pamucheto wemukati wechubhu, inobudisa mhute inodiwa, iyo inogona kufemerwa pakarepo kuburikidza nemuromo. Muviri wemudziyo wakagadzirwa saizvozvo unogona kuvharwa nebepa kana chero chinhu chipi zvacho chakakodzera, kuitira kuti chiratidzike sefodya. »
Mushandi wemishonga akaona mudziyo wake sechinhu chinokwezva. Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekufadza vanhu. Mudziyo wake hauna kumbotengeswa uye Henry Ferré zvinosuruvarisa kuti anoramba asingazivikanwi kune nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinodzidza nhoroondo ye-e-cigarette.
KUSVIRWA KWEE-CIGARETTE - IGNAZIO BUCCERI (1909): A CIGAR-FAVOURED MAPOR
Uye 1909, Ignazio Bucceri inopa chinhu chine tubular chinoratidzika sefodya. Iyo patent inopa shanduko yechigadzirwa sechinhu chinofemesa chinoburitsa mhute inonaka sehutsi hwefodya. Chigadzirwa chinoratidzwa muna Zvita 23, 1909 uye chiripo patented musi waJune 28, 1910.
Mune patent yake, pane kuratidzwa kwakakwana kwemugadziri: " Ziva kuti ini, Ignazio Bucceri, ari pasi paMambo weItaly, uye mugari weBrooklyn, Kings County, New York, ndakagadzira humwe hutsva hunobatsira hunovandudza maererano neinhalers, iyo pano ndiyo imwe. tsanangudzo. Chigadzirwa changu chine chekuita nechubhu inhalers inogona kubatwa mumuromo.
Chinangwa chekugadzirwa kwangu ndechekugadzira chinofemesa chisingadhure chakagadzirirwa kuita sefodya uye chine makemikari anofema. Kana zvabatanidzwa izvi zvinoburitsa mhute ine ruvara rwefodya ine kunakirwa kwainakidza. Aya ma inhalers haasi nyore kutakura chete, asi anonyanya kukosha kune avo vanosvuta.«
KUSVIRWA KWEE-CIGARETTE - JOSEPH ROBINSON (1927): PATENT INOSHANDURA ZVINHU ZVOSE!
Kune vakawanda, nhoroondo yekugadzirwa kwe-e-cigarette inotanga muna 1927 neAmerica, Joseph Robinson. Uyu anokatyamadza nyika yake nekupa yekutanga " electric vaporizer ".
« Chigadzirwa changu chine chekuita nemidziyo yekupisa mweya ine zvinhu zvemushonga izvo zvinodziiswa nemagetsi kugadzira mhute yekufemba. Zvinoita kuti zvikwanisike kupa mudziyo wekushandisa wega unogona kushandiswa zvakasununguka pasina mukana wekuzvipisa uye une hutsanana, unoshanda zvakanyanya uye uri nyore zvekuti chero munhu anogona kuushandisa. akadaro panguva iyoyo.
Yakapiwa muna 1927, chigadzirwa chacho patented on 16 septembre 1930. Zvakadaro isu tinofanirwa kujeka, hapana mubvunzo wefodya yemagetsi kunyangwe tikaramba nhasi padyo netsanangudzo yacho (chero iwe uchida kuigadzira mudziyo wekurapa). Zvakakosha kutsanangura kuti electric vaporizer naJoseph Robinson akanga asina bhatiri (asi zvine musoro muna 1927), yakabatanidzwa netambo kune magetsi. Zvinofadza, zvisinei, kushorwa kunopisa zvakananga zvinhu sengezvino inhalers.
KUSVIRWA KWEE-CIGARETTE - MARVIN L. FOLKMAN (1944): A CHIGARETTE SUBSTITUTE?
The 29 December 1944, Marvin L. Folkman inopa chinotsiva midzanga. Kusikwa kwake kwakajeka, anotaura nezvechinhu chinoputika chinobudiswa nemhepo yemhepo yekufema kuti igadzire chinotsiva fodya.
Muna wake patent yakasimbiswa munaChikunguru 20, 1948, inotsiva chaiyoiyo yefodya uye zvikurukuru utsi hunokuvadza hwefodya. Anotsanangura:
KUSVIRWA KWEE-CIGARETTE - FRANK BARTOLOMEO (1956): CHIKAMU CHE "KUSVIRA" KOSE!
Musi waFebruary 21, 1956, muvambi weAmerica Frank Bartolomeo akatanga kusikwa kwake: " Kusvuta Mudziyo ine capsule ine hwema nehutsi hwefodya. Yake patent yakasimbiswa munaNovember 18, 1958.
Mune patent yake, Frank Bartolomeo anopa dzimwe tsananguro pamusoro pechikonzero chekusika kwake: " Kune nzvimbo dzakawanda uko kusvuta kunorambidzwa nekuda kwenjodzi itsva sekuvapo kwezvinoputika. Chinhu chekugadzirwa kwazvino ndechekupa mudziyo wekuputa unofananidzira mudzanga uyo unopa hutsi usingashandisi kupisa. »
KUSVIRWA KWEE-CIGARETTE - HERBERT.A GILBERT (1965): MUNYANZVI WECHOKWADI?
Muna 1963, American Herbert A. Gilbert inonyoresa patent muPennsylvania yakanzi " mudzanga usina fodya usina fodya », tinobva tasvika kune tsananguro yemazuva ano e-cigarette. Achitorwa nevakawanda vekuAmerica semuvambi wefodya ye e-fodya, Herbert A. Gilbert anotaura nezve " mudzanga usina utsi uchitsiva fodya nepepa nemhepo inopisa uye ine zvinonhuwirira ". Nheyo iyi ndeyekupfuudza mweya unopisa kuburikidza nekaturiji ine hwema, zvishoma senge cartridge mugadziri wekofi. Yake patent yakasimbiswa muna Nyamavhuvhu 17, 1965.
Panguva iyoyo fodya yaitoonekwa sedenda. Zvechokwadi, 523 mamiriyoni emidzanga yakapiswa muUnited States, njodzi dzeiyi pahutano dzinozivikanwa kusvika pamwero wekuti inogamuchira zita remadunhurirwa richiri kushandiswa nhasi " muurayi ".
Kana iyo pfungwa yakatsanangurwa naHerbert A. Gilbert ichiita seinoswedera pedyo ne-e-cigarette yemazuva ano, chete kuwedzera kwekunhuhwirira kuchiri kushandiswa nhasi. Nehurombo kune mugadziri, iyo " Mudzanga usina fodya usingaputsi« (fodya isina fodya nefodya) yaive flop chaiyo. Hapana kambani yaida kutanga kuishambadza. Gilbert anopomera mhosva iyi uye anoti maindasitiri efodya ane mhosva.
Muna 2018, akati " Zvese zvemazuva ano zvigadziriso zvinongoshandisa tekinoroji yezana ramakore rechi 21 kune yangu yezana ramakore rechi20. » kuwedzera » Patent payakangopihwa nekuburitswa, makambani emishonga nefodya akaita zvese zvaaigona kuti adzivise kubudirira kwayo, uye payakangopera, vese vakaendesa zvitupa zvitsva zvine basa rakafanana rekushanda sezvandakaita pakutanga. ".
Anenge makore 70 gare gare, piritsi harisati rapfuura Herbert A. Gilbert uyo anoona kuti indasitiri yefodya neindasitiri yemishonga yazivisa hondo nazvo…
KUGADZIRWA KWEE-CIGARETTE - RAY / JACOBSON (1970-80): CHIGARETI SINGABVEKI
Muna 1970, mugadziri wemamicroprocessors akakosha kumakomputa edu Phil Ray anofanira kuvhiyiwa. Asi kuti aite izvi, anofanira kurega kusvuta fodya. Anobvunza chiremba wake, Dr. Norman Jacobson, imwe nzira inokurumidza uye inoshanda kune midzanga. Varume vaviri ava vakaita hurukuro refu vasati vagadzira mudzanga usingabatike muna 1980 wavakatumidza kuti Favour.
Ichi chigadzirwa chinobvumira kubuda kwe nicotine. Ndiyo yekutanga inonzi vaping chigadzirwa kutengeswa. Asi zvakare, kukundikana. Vaviri ava vanotiwo mhosva kune indasitiri yefodya, iyo yazvipa senzira yekudzivirira kutengeswa kwayo. Zvakanaka kucherechedza kuti chigadzirwa ichi chaive chisiri chemagetsi uye hachina kuburitsa chero mhute, chingangoita chikonzero chekutadza kubika.
KUSVIRWA KWEE-CIGARETTE - RJ REYNOLDS (1988): INDASI yeFOdya INOEDZA MUKANA WAYO!
Muna 1988, the RJ Reynolds Fodya Kambani (yakadimburirwa se RJ Reynolds) inotangisa chigadzirwa chitsva chisiri che-e-fodya asi chinewo nzvimbo yacho munyaya inoyevedza iyi. Mumudzanga Premier "Kune zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha zvevaping: kunhuhwirira uye kunyanya yemiriwo glycerin pamwe neinofema chikakananda.
Musimboti waive wekupisa aerosol uchishandisa chidimbu chemarasha (sehuka). Zvese zvinotsvetwa muchubhu yebepa yakaita sefodya chaiyo uye ine sefa. Zviri pachena kuti hutano hwakanga husipo. Kunakirwa kusipo, mudzanga Premier ichakonzera kushambadzira kwekutengesa.
KUSVIRWA KWEE-CIGARETTE - STÉPHANE MARC VLACHOS (2001): MUMWE MUNHU ASINGAZIVIKANWI!
Ngano kana chokwadi? Zvakaoma kutaura kuti chii chaicho basa reFrench Stephane Marc Vlachos. Muna 2001, mudzidzi wesayenzi yekombuta akapa kugadzirwa kwake: lithium bhatiri rinopisa rinopesana rakakomberedzwa nekotoni wad, rakaitwa nebhatani, mvura inoshandiswa inoumbwa nemuriwo glycerin. Chigadzirwa chake chiri kunyanya kubva pabasa raHerbert A. Gilbert naJoseph Robinson, muFrench haana kumbokwanisa kuita kuti chigadzirwa chake chizivikanwe.
Zvinoenderana nemamwe masosi, patent ichiri kumirira kuzivikanwa ne WIPO (sangano repasi rose rezviwanikwa). Nekudaro, anoita kunge ndiye wekutanga kushandisa bhatiri, uye tambo kana wadhi kuchengetedza mvura. A Wikipedia file akazvitsaurira kwaari, akatsanangurwa muna 2013 kuti Stéphane Marc Vlachos akabirwa chigadzirwa chake nemukadzi wechiChinese.
Kune akawanda mareferenzi echiFrench, Stephane Marc Vlachos hapana mubvunzo kuti muvambi wefodya yemazuvano e-e-fodya asi zvinoramba zvakaoma kuwana humbowo hwakavimbika uye hwechokwadi hweubaba uhu.
KUSVIRWA KWEE-CIGARETTE - HON LIK (2003): MUVAMBI ANOZIVA WEE-CIGARETTE
Kuzivikanwa semugadziri wefodya yemazuva ano e-fodya. Hon Lik inyanzvi yemishonga yekuChina yakaveza mukurumbira wechokwadi segamba.
Hon Lik anowana fodya pazera re18 muChina mukati mekuchinja kwetsika. Akazvarwa muXifeng, anobatsirikana kubva mukugadzirwa kwefodya mumusha make. A dependency inozvarwa maari iyo inokura nekufamba kwenguva. Kubva pakiti rimwe pazuva, inokurumidza kudya mapaketi maviri pazuva. Akave nyanzvi mukugadzirisa maredhiyo mumusha make asati adzidza Chinese pharmacopoeia muna 1977. Akave mutevedzeri wemukuru weChinese Medicines Research Institute muShenyang. Zvaave mutengesi wemishonga, akatsunga kurega kusvuta.
Mufemesi weChinese anoedza kumisa kupindwa muropa kwake nechigamba. Asi anoona kuti hazvina kukwana kuita chikakananda chake. Anonzwisisa kuti chikakananda chinokurudzira uropi, kunyanya usiku. Kukurumidza kusvika kwechikakananda muuropi panguva yekudhirowa pamudzanga kunofanira kuzadzwa. Anoda kuburitsa iyi nicotine peak kuti arege kuputa.
Muna 2000, Hon Lik akati aive ne " hope asi akangotanga kushanda pa e-cigarette muna 2003. Yakanga iri gore gare gare, muna 2004, iyo yake. patent yakaiswa. Mharidzo inokatyamadza, tinowana bhatiri, kadhi remagetsi rinoona kusveta uye kukonzeresa kupisa kwekupokana (rudzi rwekuchinja otomatiki), musimboti wemvura ine nicotine (isina kunyatso kuumbwa). Sekureva kwepatent yemuchina wemishonga, mvura yacho inopfapfaidzwa paatomizer (isina tambo) sebhodhoro repefiyumu.
Izvo chete zvigadzirwa zveHon Lik ndiyo musimboti wekuchinja otomatiki uye kupfapfaidza. Uyezve, haisi mubvunzo we-e-fodya asi we " zvemagetsi pfapfaidza mudzanga usingapfungairi".
Muna 2005, Hon Lik akatanga yake e-fodya kambani muShenyang, iyo yaakatumidza Ruyan. Asi kambani yake ndiyo yakabatwa netsvina. Chigadzirwa chake chinoshandiswa nemamwe makambani anogadzira akawanda uye anotengesa nemitengo yakaderera kuChina. Patent yake inozotengwa nekambani yefodya " Imperial Fodya nokuda kwehuwandu hwenyeredzi hwe 75 mamiriyoni emadhora (55 mamiriyoni euro) munaSeptember 2013.
KUSVIRA KWEE-CIGARETTE - KUFUNGA
Tiri kusvika kumagumo eiyi faira inonakidza uye zvichiri zvakaoma kutaura nechokwadi kuti ndiani chaiye muvambi wefodya yemazuva ano e-cigarette. Nzira iri nyore yaizova yekuzivisa Hon Lik anokunda muhondo iyi asi ingave nzira yekudimbudzira iri nyore" kutanga kushambadzira = muvambi ". Kana kune vezvenhau uye chikamu chakanaka chehuwandu muChinese wemishonga ndiye muvambi we-e-fodya izvi hazvisi izvo kune veAmerica vanofarira. Herbert A. Gilbert uye kune vamwe veFrench vanozotaura kuti kugadzirwa ndiko kwe Stephane Marc Vlachos kana kunyange D 'Henry Ferre.
Chokwadi, zvisinei, chinoita sechiri nyore! Iyo inoshamisa nhoroondo yemazuva ano e-fodya iri mukushanduka kwayo nekufamba kwenguva. Iko hakuna imwe, asi vanoverengeka vakagadzira e-fodya yemazuva ano. Pane patents yezvigadzirwa. Imwe neimwe inopa seti yemisimboti asi hapana inobvumira yega kugadzira e-fodya. Kune zvakare zvakawanda zvisinganzwisisike pamusoro pezvinokonzeresa zvinogona kukanganisa indasitiri yefodya neindasitiri yemishonga mukugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa ichi icho nhasi chave kusada kuputa fodya.
Chinoita senge chokwadi ndechekuti nhoroondo ye-e-fodya uye vape ichangotanga!
