Mune gallery yesaiti Lorientlejour.com“, nyanzvi yezvekupindwa muropa uye nyanzvi yefodya kubva kuYunivhesiti yeGrenoble Alpes yakaramba ichifunga nezvemamiriro ezvinhu enyika idzi idzo dzakabudirira kudzivisa chiverengero chavagari vapasi kusvuta. Nyika shomanene dzakaita seIreland neAustralia, kana kuti rudzi rwakafanana neScotland (Great Britain), dzakabudirira mukudzivisa vagari vadzo kusvuta. Vakazviita sei?
DZIMWE NYIKA DZABUDIRIRA MUKUDZIVISA VANHU KUSVIRA.
Nyika shomanene dzakaita seIreland neAustralia, kana kuti rudzi rwakafanana neScotland (Great Britain), dzakabudirira mukudzivisa vagari vadzo kusvuta. Vakazviita sei? Nekuisa panoply yese yematanho akasimba, ayo ave muenzaniso wekutevera mukurwisa kupindwa muropa nechikakananda.
France yakatorawo imwe yematanho aya, iyo isina kwayakarerekera fodya pack, iri kushanda kubva muna Ndira 1. Asi France ikozvino yave pakati pefodhi. Kana ikasaita panguva imwe chete pane mamwe marevheti, kunyanya nekuisa nhevedzano yekuwedzera kwemitengo kwakasimba, mhedzisiro yacho inogoneka… kusavepo.
Mumwe muvaviri anosvuta achafa nokusvuta, inodaro World Health Organization (WHO). Mari yehupfumi yezvirwere zvinokonzerwa nefodya munyika inofungidzirwa pamadhora mabhiriyoni 422 (anenge mabhiriyoni 400 euros), maererano nekuongorora kwakabudiswa musi waJanuary 4 mumagazini yeTobacco Control. Nekudaro, zvinonzwisisika kuti WHO yakakurudzira hurumende, kutanga kwa2003, kuti dzikurukure pamwe chete nzira dzekupihwa nyasha mukurwisa denda iri. Kusvika pari zvino, nyika 180 dzakatambira chibvumirano cheUnited Nations panyaya iyi, Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Zano rakatorwa negungano iri rakanangana nekurambidza kushambadzwa kwefodya, kukwidzwa kwemitengo kuburikidza nemitero, kuchengetedzwa kwevasingasvuti kubva pakusvuta, dzidzo uye ruzivo nezvenjodzi dzefodya nerubatsiro rwekurega kuputa.
KURWIRA NZIRA YEFODHA INDUSTRY
Muna 2016, gungano re7th Conference of Parties (kureva nyika dzakaritsidzira), COP7, yakadanawo kurwisa "mazano eindasitiri yefodya anokanganisa kana kukanganisa kutonga kwefodya".
Pakati pevakasaina, vamwe vakazvisiyanisa vamene nokuita basa rokuita kuti kusvuta fodya kuve kwechinyakare pakati pevechiduku uye kuodza mwoyo voruzhinji zvikuru vavakuru pakusvuta. Ireland, kutanga. Hurumende yeDublin yakatanga kurambidza kusvuta munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji uye dzakaungana kare muna 2004. Mutemo wayo wekurwisa kusvuta unoonekwa seimwe yemitemo yakasimba kwazvo iripo, sezvo kurambidzwa kunoshanda kumabhawa, mabhawa, maresitorendi, makirabhu, asiwo. nzvimbo dzebasa, zvivakwa zveveruzhinji, mota dzekambani, marori, matekisi nemavan. Pamusoro pezvo, inosvika kune imwe perimeter iri mukati meradius yemamita matatu kubva munzvimbo idzi. Mumabhawa, kuvandudzwa kwemhando yemhepo uye iyo yekufema kwevatengi nevashambadziri kunopupurirwa nezvidzidzo zvakati wandei, senge zvakaitwa gore mushure mekurambidzwa, chirevo cheIrish Hofisi yekudzora fodya kana iyo Dhipatimendi rehutano reIrish.
Kutevedzwa kwemitemo yekudzora fodya kwakakurumidza kuderedza huwandu hwekuputa munyika kubva pa29% muna 2004 kusvika 18,6% muna 2016, sekureva kweDhipatimendi rehutano reIrish. Kana tichienzanisa, chiyero ichi chakangodzikira zvishoma muFrance, kubva pa30% muna 2004 kusvika 28% muna 2016 - yakagadzikanawo kubva 2014, maererano neFrench Observatory yeDrugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT). Chinangwa chinotevera "Ireland isina fodya" muna 2025, kureva kuti pasi pe5% yevanoputa muhuwandu.
Scotland yakanyatso kutevera Ireland, ichivhota makore maviri mushure mekurambidza kuputa munzvimbo dzeveruzhinji uye dzenharaunda. Kushandiswa kwaro kwakaderedza kusvuta kwehuwandu hweScots kubva ku26,5% muna 2004 kusvika ku21% muna 2016. Muna 2016, Scotland yakaenda mberi nekurambidza vanhu vakuru kusvuta mumotokari dzavo pamberi pevana vasati vabva zera . Izvi zvinofanirwa kuchengetedza vana 60 pagore njodzi dzine chekuita nekusvuta kusingaite, akadaro MP Jim Hume, pakutanga kwechinyorwa chemutemo.
Imwe shasha mukurwisa fodya, Australia. Chinhu chikuru chakasimba chenyika ino? Kugamuchirwa kwepackaging cigarette packaging muna 2012. Kusvuta kwehuwandu hwekusvuta, iyo yakanga yatove yakadzikama, yakaderera zvakare, kubva ku16,1% muna 2011-2012 kusvika 14,7% muna 2014-2015. Nyika ino yave kuda kubatanidza pasuru isina kwayakarerekera uye mutero wepagore wekuwedzera we12,5% gore rega rega kwemakore mana. Pakiti refodya, pari zvino riri pa4 euros, richabva rawedzera kusvika… 16,8 euros muna 27. Chinangwa ndechekudzika pasi pegumi kubva muzana yevanoputa panosvika 2020.
Nemitemo yadzo inonyangadza inorambidza fodya, nyika idzi dzinodenha manzwiro evanogadzira fodya. Vagadziri, vanonzi Big Fodya ye5 hombe (Imperial Tobacco, British American Tobacco, Philip Morris, Japan Tobacco International, China Tobacco), vari kutora matanho emutemo kune nyika dziri kutora, semuenzaniso, kurongedza zviri nyore. Vari kumhan’arira mhosva yekutyora kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko rwekutengeserana pamwe nenjodzi yekuita manyepo, nechikonzero chekuti mapasuru aya ari nyore kukopa. Nekudaro, Japan Tobacco International yakamhan'ara kuIreland ichipokana neyakarerekera pasuru muna 2015. Sarudzo haisati yaitwa.
PHILIP MORRIS AKARASA CHICHEMO CHAKE PANE NEUTRAL PACKAGE.
Pamwero weEuropean, Dare reJustice reEuropean Union (CJEU) rakaramba, muna Chivabvu 4, 2016, kukwidzwa kwakaitwa naPhilip Morris International neBritish American Fodya vachipokana nemutemo mutsva weEuropean unokonzeresa kurongedza. KuAustralia, Philip Morris akadzingwa kubva mukunyunyuta kwakafanana muna Zvita 2015 ne Investment Arbitration Tribunal zvine chekuita nekodzero dzepfuma. Akarairwa kuti abvise logo uye arambe graphic charter yemhando dzake.
MuFrance, tiri kupi? France yakatanga kutamba, mukutanga kwema2000, pamusoro pekuwedzera kwemitengo, izvo zvakakonzera kuderedzwa kwechikamu chetatu mukutengesa fodya. Sekutaura kwaProfessor Gérard Dubois muRevue des Maladies Respiraires, kukwira kwakanyanya kwemutengo wefodya muna 2003 (8,3% muna Ndira, 18% muna Gumiguru) zvino muna 2004 (8,5% muna Ndira) kwakatungamira panguva imwe cheteyo. kuderera kwehuwandu hwekusvuta ne12%, nehuwandu hwevanosvuta huchiderera kubva pamamiriyoni 15,3 kusvika pamamiriyoni 13,5.
Mushure mezvo, kuwedzera kuri pakati nepakati kwakave nemhedzisiro shoma, sezvakaratidzwa neongororo yakabudiswa muna 2013 nechirwere chechirwere cheGustave Roussy Institute, Catherine Hill. Panyaya iyi, mushumo weDare reVaongorori veAuditor waFebruary 2016 wakajeka: “Kuwedzera kwemitengo kwakasimba uye kunopfuurira kunofanira kuiswa. Dare reAuditors nokudaro rinokurudzira "kuita mutemo wekuwedzera kwemutengo unoramba uripo pamusoro penguva refu nekushandisa mutero wemutero pamwero wakakwana kukonzera kuderera kunoshanda uye kusingaperi kwekushandisa". Ndizvo chaizvo zvakasarudzwa muAustralia.
MuFrance, tichiri kure nechiratidzo. Musi wa20 Kukadzi, mutengo wefodya yakakwidibira wakawedzera nezvikamu gumi neshanu kubva muzana paavhareji, kana pakati pe15 euro ne1 euros yakawedzerwa papaketi. Mapaketi efodya anoramba achitengeswa pakati pe1,50 ne6,50 euros, sezvo vagadziri vakabvisa mutengo wekuwedzera kunyangwe mutero unowedzera. Musi waKurume 7, sarudzo yakatorwa kuti iwedzere chete mutengo wefodya yakachipa, nekuwedzera kwegumi kusvika makumi maviri emaeuro masendi papakiti.
Pachezvayo, iyo isina kwayakarerekera pasuru haigone kudzikisa chikamu chevanoputa. Zvechokwadi, iko kusanganiswa kwezviyero zvakawanda zvinotungamirira mukubudirira. Kana France ichitarisira kuti rimwe zuva ichaita semuenzaniso kune dzimwe nyika pakudzora kwayo fodya, ichafanirwa kutora kurudziro kubva kunyika dzakaita seAustralia kana Ireland uye kutora matanho akanyanya.
