In gallery ee goobta Lorientlejour.com“, khabiir ku takhasusay balwadda iyo tubaakada oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Grenoble Alpes ayaa ku dheeraaday xaaladda dalalkan ku guulaystay inay dadka ka hor istaagaan sigaarka. Wadamo faro ku tiris ah sida Ireland iyo Australia, ama umad sida Scotland (Great Britain), ayaa ku guulaystay inay dadkooda ka celiyaan sigaarka. Sidee u sameeyeen?
WADAMADA QAAR AYAA KU GUULEYSTAY IN AY DADKA KA HORTAGAAN SIGAARKA
Wadamo faro ku tiris ah sida Ireland iyo Australia, ama umad sida Scotland (Great Britain), ayaa ku guulaystay inay dadkooda ka celiyaan sigaarka. Sidee u sameeyeen? Iyadoo la geynayo tiro dhan oo ah tallaabooyin xag-jir ah, kuwaas oo hadda tusaale u ah la dagaallanka qabatinka nikotiinta.
Faransiiska ayaa sidoo kale la wareegay mid ka mid ah tillaabooyinkan, xirmada sigaarka ee dhexdhexaadka ah, oo shaqeynaya ilaa Janaayo 1. Laakiin Faransiisku hadda wuxuu ku jiraa bartanka ford-ka. Haddii aysan isku mar ku dhaqmin kabayaasha kale, gaar ahaan iyada oo lagu soo rogayo isku xigxiga qiimo koror aad u xooggan, natiijadu waxay aad ugu badan tahay… inaysan halkaas joogin.
Labadii qof ee sigaarka cabba mid ka mid ah ayaa u dhiman doona sigaar cabista, ayay tiri Hay’adda Caafimaadka Adduunka ee WHO. Kharashka dhaqaale ee cudurada ka dhasha tubaakada adduunka ayaa lagu qiyaasaa 422 bilyan oo doolar (qiyaastii 400 bilyan oo Yuuro), sida lagu sheegay cilmi-baadhis la daabacay 4-tii Janaayo oo lagu daabacay joornaalka Xakamaynta Tubaakada. Sidaa darteed, waa wax la fahmi karo in WHO ay ku boorisay dawladaha, horaantii 2003, inay ka wada hadlaan dhammaan siyaabaha looga faa'iidaysan karo dagaalka ka dhanka ah aafadan. Ilaa hadda, 180 waddan ayaa ansixiyay heshiiska Qaramada Midoobay ee arrinta, heshiiska qaab-dhismeedka ee xakamaynta tubaakada.
Istaraatiijiyada uu qaatay heshiiskani waxay ku salaysan tahay mamnuucida xayaysiinta tubaakada, korodhka qiimaha cashuuraha, ka ilaalinta dadka aan sigaarka cabbin sigaarka, waxbarashada iyo macluumaadka khatarta tubaakada iyo gargaarka joojinta sigaarka.
ladagaalanka Xeeladaha Warshadaha Tubaakada
Sannadkii 2016-kii, Shirweynihii 7-aad ee Xisbiyada (sida dalalka ansixiyay), COP7, ayaa sidoo kale ku baaqay in lala dagaallamo "xeeladaha warshadaha tubaakada ee wax u dhimaya ama leexinaya xakamaynta tubaakada".
Saxiixayaasha, qaarkood waxa ay ku kala garteen in ay ku guulaysteen in sigaar cabista sigaarka ay ka dhigaan da'yarta dhexdooda, kana niyad jabiyaan inta badan dadka waaweyn sigaarka. Ireland, bilow. Xukuumadda Dublin ayaa horraantii sannadkii 2004 soo saartay mamnuucidda sigaarka sigaarka ee goobaha dadweynaha iyo meelaha la isugu yimaado. goobaha shaqada, dhismayaasha dadweynaha, baabuurta shirkadda, baabuurta xamuulka ah, tagsi iyo baabuurta. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay ku fidsan tahay wareegyada ku yaal meel 3 mitir u jirta meelahaas. Baararka, hagaajinta tayada hawada iyo tan shaqada neefsashada ee macaamiisha iyo kuwa wax ka iibsada waxaa lagu caddeeyey dhowr daraasadood, sida midda la sameeyay sanad ka dib mamnuucista, warbixinta Xafiiska Xakamaynta Tubaakada ee Ireland ama tan Waaxda Caafimaadka ee Ireland.
Dhaqangelinta sharciga xakamaynta tubaakada ayaa si degdeg ah hoos ugu dhigtay heerka sigaarka ee dalka oo ahaa 29% 2004 ilaa 18,6% 2016, sida ay sheegtay Waaxda Caafimaadka Ireland. Marka la barbardhigo, heerkani wax yar ayuu hoos u dhacay Faransiiska, laga bilaabo 30% 2004 ilaa 28% 2016 - sidoo kale wuu xasilloonaa tan iyo 2014, sida laga soo xigtay Kormeeraha Maandooriyaha iyo Maandooriyaha ee Faransiiska (OFDT). Ujeedada xigta waa "Ireland aan tubaako lahayn" 2025, taas oo ah in la yiraahdo in ka yar 5% dadka sigaarka cabba.
Scotland waxay si dhow ula raacday Ireland, iyagoo u codeeyay laba sano ka dib markii ay mamnuuceen sigaarka ee goobaha dadweynaha iyo kuwa la wadaago. Codsigeeda ayaa hoos u dhigay heerka sigaar cabista ee Scots laga soo bilaabo 26,5% 2004 ilaa 21% 2016. 2016, Scotland waxay sii waday inay mamnuucdo dadka waaweyn inay sigaar ku cabbaan baabuurtooda iyadoo ay joogaan carruurta aan qaan gaarin. Tani waa inay 60 oo carruur ah sannadkii ka badbaadiso khataraha la xidhiidha sigaar-cabista dadban, ayuu yidhi xildhibaan Jim Hume, hindisaha qoraalka sharciga.
Horyaal kale oo dagaalka ka dhanka ah tubaakada, Australia. Meesha ugu xooga badan ee dalkan? Qaadashada baakadaha sigaarka caadiga ah ee 2012. Heerka sigaar cabista, oo markii horeba dhexdhexaad ahayd, ayaa hoos u sii dhacday, min 16,1% 2011-2012 ilaa 14,7% 2014-2015. Dalkani wuxuu hadda ku talajiraa inuu ku lammaaniyo xirmada dhexdhexaadka ah iyo kordhinta canshuurta sanadlaha ah ee 12,5% sanad walba muddo 4 sano ah. Baakadka sigaarka, oo hadda maraya 16,8 euro, ayaa markaa kordhin doona… 27 euro sanadka 2020. Hadafka ayaa ah in hoos loo dhigo 10% sigaarka cabba 2018.
Siyaasadooda ka dhanka ah tubaakada ee weerarka ah, wadamadani waxa ay ka cadhaysiiyaan kuwa sameeya tubaakada. Soo-saareyaal, oo loo yaqaan Tubaakada Weyn ee 5ta ugu weyn (Tobaakada Imperial, Tubaakada Ameerikaanka, Philip Morris, Japan Tobacco International, Shiinaha Tubaakada), ayaa dhab ahaantii qaadaya tallaabo sharci ah oo ka dhan ah waddamada qaadanaya, tusaale ahaan, baakadaha cad. Waxay dacweeyeen ku xad-gudubka hantida caqliga iyo xorriyadda ganacsiga iyo sidoo kale khatarta ah been-abuurka, iyaddoo ay sabab u tahay in xirmooyinkan ay fududahay in la koobiyeeyo. Haddaba, Japan Tobacco International waxay Ireland gudaheeda ka gudbisay ashtako ka dhan ah xidhmada dhexdhexaadka ah ee 2015. Go'aanka weli lama gaadhin.
PHILIP MORRIS WUXUU KA CAYRAY CABASHADKIISA KA DANBEYSAY XIDHIIDHKA DHEXDHEXAAD AH
Marka la eego cabbirka Yurub, Maxkamadda Caddaaladda ee Midowga Yurub (CJEU) waxay diiday, Maajo 4, 2016, rafcaanka Philip Morris International iyo British American Tubaakada ee ka dhanka ah sharciga cusub ee Yurub ee guudeynaya baakadaha cad. Australia gudaheeda, Philip Morris waxaa laga eryay cabasho la mid ah Diseembar 2015 Maxkamadda Xalinta Khilaafaadka Maalgashiga ee la xiriirta xuquuqda hantida garaadka. Waxaa lagu amray inuu ka noqdo astaanta oo uu ka tanaasulo xeerka garaafyada ee summaddiisa.
Faransiiska, xagee joognaa? Faransiiska ayaa markii ugu horreysay ciyaaray, horraantii 2000-meeyadii, kor u kaca qiimaha, kaas oo sababay hoos u dhaca ku dhawaad saddex meelood meel iibinta tubaakada. Sida Professor Gérard Dubois ku tilmaamay Revue des Maladies Respiraires, kororka xooggan ee qiimaha tubaakada 2003 (8,3% bishii Janaayo, 18% bishii Oktoobar) ka dibna 2004 (8,5% bishii Janaayo) ayaa horseeday isla muddadaas. hoos u dhac ku yimid baaxadda sigaarka 12%, iyadoo tirada dadka sigaarka cabba ay hoos uga dhacday 15,3 milyan ilaa 13,5 milyan.
Ka dib, korodhka dhexdhexaadka ah ee aadka u yar ayaa yeeshay saameyn aad u yar, sida lagu muujiyay daraasadda la daabacay 2013 ee cudurrada faafa ee Machadka Gustave Roussy, Catherine Hill. Halkaa marka ay marayso, warbixinta Maxkamadda Hantidhawrka ee Feebarwari 2016 waa caddahay: "Sida ka xoog badan oo joogto ah waa in la soo rogo. Maxkamadda Hantidhawrka ayaa sidaas darteed ku talinaysa "fulinta siyaasadda kor u kaca qiimaha joogtada ah ee muddada dheer iyada oo la adeegsanayo qalabka canshuurta heer ku filan si loo yareeyo waxtarka iyo hoos u dhigista isticmaalka". Dhab ahaan waxa lagu go'aamiyay Australia.
Faransiiska, weli waan ka fognahay calaamadda. 20-kii Febraayo, qiimaha tubaakada duubista ayaa kordhay 15% celcelis ahaan, ama inta u dhaxaysa 1 euro iyo 1,50 euro oo dheeri ah baakidhkiiba. Baakadaha sigaarka ayaa ku sii iibinaya inta u dhaxaysa 6,50 iyo 7 euro, maadaama warshadeeyayaashu ay ka tanaasuleen qiimaha korodhka inkasta oo cashuurtu korodhay. 10-kii Maarso, go'aanka waxaa la qaatay in la kordhiyo kaliya qiimaha sigaarka ugu jaban, iyada oo la kordhiyo 10 ilaa 20 euro cents halkii baaki.
Keligiis, xirmada dhexdhexaadka ah uma badna inay hoos u dhigto saamiga sigaarka cabba. Runtii, waa isku-darka tallaabooyin dhowr ah oo keenaya waxtarka. Haddii Faransiisku uu rajaynayo in uu maalin tusaale ugu noqdo waddammada kale xakamaynta tubaakada, waa in ay dhiirri-gelin ka hesho waddamada sida Australia ama Ireland oo ay qaaddo tallaabooyin ka sii xagjirsan.
