Ngenye upapasho lweendaba olupapashiweyo nge-22 kaDisemba, umbutho waseSwitzerland, I-Helvetic Vape, inika isicelo sokuba kupheliswe ihlazo lezempilo likawonke-wonke elijikeleze umphunga.
Kwenzeka njani ukuba abantu bakholelwe ukuba iimveliso zomphunga ziimveliso zecuba kwaye yintoni ekufuneka yenziwe ukuze kupheliswe lo mqobo ugqwethekileyo obekwe sisigqeba sesizwe?Mna ?
Ukuze uqonde, kuya kufuneka uveze umdlalo ogqwethekileyo oye wadlalwa ngumphathi kule minyaka idlulileyo kumxholo wokuphunga. Ngo-2009, kamsinya nje emva kokuvela kweemveliso zomphunga kwilizwe lethu, iOfisi yoMdibaniso yezeMpilo yoLuntu (OFSP) yagqiba kwelinye icala ukuba ivale ukuthengiswa kweemveliso ezinenikotini kunye nokunciphisa ukungeniswa kwazo ukuze zisetyenziswe buqu. ngeleta elula yolawulo. Kulungile, inqaku lama-37 loMmiselo omtsha wokutya kunye nezinto zemihla ngemihla (ODAlOUs), esandul 'ukuhlaziywa ngolu lawulo lufanayo ngentsebenziswano ne-Ofisi yoKhuseleko lokutya kunye neMicimbi yeMfuyo (OSAV), ichaza ngokuchanekileyo, ngethuba elikhulu kwaye ukukhusela ishishini lamachiza, ukuba akuvumelekanga ukongeza kwizinto zemihla ngemihla ezidibana ne-mucous membranes izinto ezibanika iimpawu ze-pharmacological. Igqibelele, iFOPH iya kusebenzisa oku ukunika inkangeleko yokuba semthethweni kukuvalwa kwayo, kuthathwe ngokusemthethweni ngesizathu sokuba iingozi eziyanyaniswa nomphunga azikaziwa. Iprosaically ngakumbi ukukhusela ishishini lamachiza ukusuka ekuveleni kwabantu okhuphisana nabo ukuya kumachiza athatha indawo yenikotini. Ingxaki encinci engabalulekanga isavela emva kokuphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-ODalOUs, iimveliso zecuba zixhomekeke kwinqaku lama-37 lommiselo. Ukungabikho kokubonakaliswa kolawulo kunye nokulangazelela ukukholisa imboni yamachiza ngoko ke kukhokelela ekubeni ukungabikho mthethweni kwazo zonke iimveliso zecuba. Kodwa ngethamsanqa akukho mntu, kwanolawulo lwecuba, uya kusebenzisa eli nqaku ukuthintela ukuthengiswa kwemveliso yecuba kwangoko. Yimpazamo encinci ke ngoko ngaphandle kweziphumo ezibi kulawulo…
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba amathandabuzo malunga nobungozi bomphunga ayeqondakala ngelo xesha. Bekukho amaphononongo enzululwazi ambalwa, nangona uphononongo ngononophelo lwezi zifundo sele lubonise umngcipheko ophantsi wokubakho komphunga (uphononongo lwe-FDA lowama-2009 lwabonisa ngokuvunyiweyo amanqanaba e-nitrosamine kulwelo lomphunga kodwa kwinqanaba elifana nelo lifumaneka kwi-nicotine inhalers yamayeza). Nangona kunjalo, isigqibo esingxamisekileyo nesingacingelwanga kakuhle seFOPH sigxile kwinikotini, sicebisa ukuba inoxanduva lokungaqiniseki komphunga ngelo xesha. Nangona kunjalo, ukungaqiniseki okunxulumene nokuphefumla kwe-propylene glycol, i-glycerol, i-flavourings yokutya kunye neempawu ezinokuthi zenzeke kwizinto ezingcolileyo, oko kukuthi ukubunjwa kweemveliso ezingenayo i-nicotine, ezigunyaziswe ngokufanelekileyo yi-FOPH ngaphandle komda weminyaka. Ukuvalwa kweFOPH ke ngoko kwakungahambelani nokukhuselwa kwempilo yoluntu kodwa kwasebenza kuphela ukukhusela imeko ekhoyo: ishishini lecuba ligulisa abantu, ishishini lamayeza liyabanyanga kwaye yonke into wonke umntu wenza imali eninzi, yonke into ilungile. Ukuvalwa kokuthengiswa kweemveliso ze-nicotine eziqulethe umphunga kukwasebenze ngokunyebeleza ukubethelela imbono engeyiyo yokuba ezi mveliso ziyingozi ngakumbi kuneemveliso zecuba ezitsha ezithengiweyo, kwaye zifuna umgaqo onzima.
Inyaniso yokuba ukuthengiswa kweemveliso ze-vaping ezine-nicotine "kunqatshelwe" ngeleta yolawulo elula kunokuba isigqibo solawulo sokwenyani ke kuthintela nasiphi na isenzo somthetho. Kwaba ngo-2015 apho inkqubo ye-OFSP yokuvalwa kobuqhetseba yolawulo yachaswa kwaye nokuthengiswa okuvulekileyo kolwelo oluqulethe inikotini kwaqala. Kuyo yonke indlela, i-FOPH idibana ne-OSAV ukucinga ngamanyathelo okuthathwa phambi kwengxabano. Akukho mbuzo wokugunyazisa iimveliso zomphunga wenikotini, uMthetho osaYilwayo weeMveliso zeCuba kwiNtloko yeSebe (LPTab), ozama ngobuqhetseba ukufunxa iimveliso zomphunga, usendleleni kwaye iza kuboniswa ePalamente kungekudala. Njengoko iimveliso zomphunga ziphantsi koMthetho wokutya kunye nezinto zemihla ngemihla (LDAl), yiFSVO enobuchule bokuthatha isigqibo kwaye ibambelele kuyo.
Emva koko sinikela ubungqina, kwisithuba seeyure ze-24, i-tour de force ye-Federal Department of the Interior (DFI). I-FSVO ikhupha isigqibo solawulo esithi, ngaphandle kwesiseko senzululwazi, iimveliso zomphunga wenikotini ziyingozi kwaye kufuneka zivaliwe. Ngeli xesha, uMnumzana Berset unikezela ngeprojekthi yakhe yeLPTab ePalamente nakumajelo eendaba, egxininisa ukuba kunyanzelekile ukuba kusemthethweni iimveliso zomphunga ezinenikotini ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Ubuqhophololo bucacile, ivaping yasetyenziswa nguMnumzana Berset ukuphumeza iprojekthi yakhe yeLPTab. Umnumzana Berset, ngaphandle kwayo nayiphi na ingqalelo yempilo yoluntu, ukhetha ukuqhubeka nokunciphisa ukufikelela kwisixhobo sokunciphisa umngcipheko kunye nomonakalo wokusebenzela iiprojekthi zakhe zezopolitiko. Ngokwenza njalo, yatshonisa iingxoxo eziyimfuneko malunga nomngcipheko kunye nokunciphisa ingozi kwi-amorphous, i-polarized kunye nobunzima obungasetyenziswayo beengxoxo ezingcolileyo "kwicuba".
Iimveliso zomphunga azizomveliso zecuba. Iprojekthi yeLPTab engasebenziyo isebenzise iKafkaesque twist ukuzama ukuyifanisa. Yinto esulungekileyo yengqondo evela kwisigqeba. Uluvo oluchasene nentando yePalamente, eyathi yavakaliswa ngo-2011 xa yayisenza isigqibo sokungazibandakanyi iimveliso zomphunga kwirhafu yecuba. Ukuba iimveliso zomphunga bezizimveliso zecuba, bezingenakuyibaleka irhafu yecuba. Ukukhatywa kwalo nyaka kwe-LPTab assimilation bill iqinisekisa kwakhona ukuba iPalamente ayizithatheli ngqalelo iimveliso zomphunga njengemveliso yecuba. Ke kutheni le nto isigqeba esilawulayo, sihanjiswa ngamajelo eendaba angayihlalutyiyo le meko, siqhubeka sifuna ukukholelwa ukuba ukwaliwa kweprojekthi yeLPTab kuya kulibazisa ngakumbi ukwenziwa ngokusemthethweni kweemveliso zomphunga wenikotini kwityala elitsha lecuba?
Lixesha lokuba kupheliswe ubuqhetseba bezopolitiko ngokuchasene nempilo yoluntu. Iimveliso zomphunga zilawulwa yi-LDA. Abakhutshelwanga ngaphandle kumda wayo yi-LDA entsha kuba ayizomveliso zecuba. Ngoko ke, akukho sizathu sokungazilawuli ngokukhawuleza kwesi sikhokelo. Kwaye ukuba isigqeba asizi ukuba sithi akunakwenzeka. Akukho nto kwi-LDAl, endala okanye entsha, eyithintelayo. Umhlathi ohlekisayo, ukuchazwa okungalunganga okuye kwasebenza iminyaka ukulibazisa ngokusemthethweni ukuthengiswa kweemveliso ezivumela abasebenzisi be-nicotine ukuba banciphise ingozi kunye nomonakalo kwimpilo yabo, ifumaneka kwi-prescription elula ebhalwe ngulawulo kwaye ivunywe ngumlawuli, kungekhona. kumthetho owiswe yiPalamente. Ngaphezu koko, kumyalelo ohlaziywayo ngoku sisigqeba esilawulayo, esithathele ingqalelo ukubhala inqaku elidala lama-37 kwinqaku elitsha lama-61 ukuqhubela phambili inkohliso yokungenzeki kokulawula ngokukhawuleza iimveliso zomphunga we-nicotine ukuze kukhuthazwe iprojekthi yeLPTab kusetyenziswa umphunga. njengekherothi.
Ihlazo lonyango lwe-DFI lokukhupha umphunga kwiminyaka yakutshanje kufuneka ligxekwe. Ngelixa, ngenxa ye-nicotine vaping, sele bengaphezulu kwe-6 yezigidi zabantu baseYurophu abayekile ukutshaya kwaye ngaphezulu kwe-9 yezigidi baye banciphisa kakhulu ukusebenzisa kwabo icuba elinokutsha, iSwitzerland isemva ngenxa yokuvalwa komsebenzi wokuthengisa ngaphandle kwesiseko sesayensi okanye esisemthethweni. Inani leevaper kwilizwe lethu liphantsi ngokuhlekisayo xa lithelekiswa namazwe apho iimveliso zomphunga ezinenikotini zivunyelwe ukuthengiswa. Nawuphi na umgaqo-nkqubo okanye umlinganiselo ojoliswe ekuthinteleni, ngaphandle kwesizathu esivakalayo, ukufikelela kwabasebenzisi be-nicotine kwisisombululo somngcipheko kunye nokunciphisa ingozi kuchasene nempilo yoluntu. Kukho imeko engxamisekileyo, abantu abangama-9 bafa ngaphambi kwexesha ngonyaka kwilizwe lethu ngenxa yendlela ephelelwe lixesha, enobungozi kwaye efumaneka ngokukhululekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwe-nicotine: ukutshaya icuba. Oko kuliphindaphinda kayi-500 inani labantu abafa ngenxa yeziyobisi, ngokuphindwe ngama-95 abantu abafa ezindleleni yaye ngokuphindwe ka-31 abantu abafa ngenxa yotywala. Silinde ntoni?
I-vaping ayisosisongelo kodwa lithuba. Kuyinxalenye yengqiqo ephindwe kabini: kwelinye icala ukhetho olunolwazi nolokuzithandela lwabantu abaphethe impilo yabo ngokunciphisa ukuziphatha kwabo okuyingozi okusekwe kulwazi olungakhethi cala endaweni yemithetho yobutata, kwelinye ngaphandle kokuvela koshishino olutsha, abakhuphisani abaguqukayo nabavelisayo ebusweni babadlali bemveli bakudala kwimarike yenikotini, oko kukuthi, ishishini lecuba kunye neshishini lamayeza. Ezi zinto zimbini zidityanisiwe ziphakamisa iiparadigms ezindala kunye nokudala isakhelo esifanelekileyo somgaqo-nkqubo omtsha wepragmatiki osekwe kumathuba endaweni yoloyiko. Iimveliso zomphunga ayizomveliso zecuba okanye amayeza. Abananto yakwenza nawo nawuphi na umthetho ongqamene nala macandelo mabini.
Imeko yangoku yolwazi lwezenzululwazi malunga ne-vaping ishwankathelwa kwiingxelo ezimbini zesiNgesi, ezikhutshwe ngabasemagunyeni bezempilo abadumileyo kwihlabathi, ngakumbi ngomsebenzi wabo wobuvulindlela ekutshayeni ngeminyaka yoo-XNUMX.
- Impilo yoLuntu yaseNgilani (PHE), i-E-cigarettes: uhlaziyo lobungqina (Agasti 2015)
- IKholeji yaseRoyal of Physicians (RCP), iNicotine ngaphandle komsi - Ukunciphisa ingozi yecuba (Epreli 2016)
La maziko mabini ahloniphekileyo aqikelela umngcipheko wexesha elide wokufunxa xa kuthelekiswa necuba elitshayayo elingaphantsi kwe-5% ngokusekelwe kwiimveliso ezikhoyo kwimarike namhlanje, ngaphandle kommiselo onzima kwaye ngaphandle kwemigangatho ethile (le marike iguquka ngokukhawuleza, iimveliso ngomso ziya kuba nokuba sengozini encinci).
« …ingozi yempilo yokuphefumla iaerosol yexesha elide yeemveliso zomphunga ezikhoyo namhlanje akulindelekanga ukuba igqithe kwi-5% yomonakalo obangelwe licuba elitshayiweyo. » IKholeji yaseRoyal of Physicians, iNicotine ngaphandle komsi - Ukunciphisa ingozi yecuba
Bagqiba kwelokuba kuyimfuneko ukukhuthaza nokukhuthaza ukuguqulwa kwabatshayayo ukuba babe ngumphunga ngokusingqongileyo kwenkuthazo nangokuququzelela ukufikelela kwiimveliso zomphunga. Baxhaswa kwindlela yabo ngabadlali abaninzi ekulweni necuba: Isenzo sokutshaya kunye neMpilo, uMbutho wabaLawuli beMpilo kaRhulumente, iBritish Lung Foundation, iCancer Research UK, iFaculty of Public Health, Fresh North East, Health Health Action (PHA). ), IKholeji yaseRoyal ye-General Practitioners, iRoyal Society yeMpilo yoLuntu, i-Tobacco Free Futures, iZiko lase-UK le-Tobacco and Alcohol Studies kunye neForam yezeMpilo yase-UK. Amaxwebhu kunye nomsebenzi wokuhlalutya owenziwe yi-PHE kunye ne-RCP ukufikelela kwizigqibo zabo ayinayo ipapasho elinganayo eSwitzerland. Ezi ngxelo zivula indlela esebenzayo yokulwa nokunciphisa ukutshaya ngokungachasi abasebenzisi be-nicotine kubudlelwane bomntwana kodwa ngokusebenza nabo ukuba bathathele ingqalelo impilo yabo enkosi kumngcipheko kunye nezixhobo zokunciphisa ingozi. Ngaphandle kwecuba, inikotini iyodwa, i-fortiori ngaphandle kokutsha, ayikhoboki kakhulu. Ibonisa iprofayile yomngcipheko kwimpilo yomsebenzisi efana naleyo ye-caffeine. EUnited States, iSchroeder Institute yophando lwecuba kunye nezifundo zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye neNyaniso yeNyaniso "Ukukhuthaza ubomi obungenacuba", amaqumrhu amabini azibophelele ekulweni necuba, asanda kupapasha ingxelo efuna ukuba kucingwe kwakhona inikotini kunye neziphumo zayo. .
- UPr. Raymond Niaura, Ukucinga kwakhona i-nicotine kunye nemiphumo yayo (Disemba 2016).
Le ngxelo ilumkileyo ikhankanya ngokukodwa ukuba “ Ubungqina obuninzi bubonisa ukuba umonakalo omncinci obangelwa kukutshaya ubangelwa yi-nicotine, enokuthi, ngaphandle kwezinto ezimbalwa, yamkeleke kumanqanaba ethamo awela phakathi koluhlu oludla ngokuthathwa ngabasebenzisi becuba kunye neziyobisi ezithatha indawo ye-nicotine xa bezenzela inkonzo. . Isicwangciso esikhulu esinokuthi sinciphise ingozi kubemi kukuvumela iimveliso ezine-nicotine (Alternative Nicotine Delivery Systems, ANDS), eza kuthatha indawo yokutshaya, ukuvumela abatshayayo ukuba bafumane inikotini ngaphandle kokuzityhila kwiimveliso ezivuthayo ezivuthayo. » kwaye ugxininisa kwizigqibo zakhe ukuba " kukho ukuqhubeka komonakalo phakathi kweemveliso ezinokutsha nezingatshayo ezine-nicotine. Umgaqo-nkqubo wezempilo woluntu olungileyo kufuneka uqaphele oku kuqhubekayo kwaye usebenzise olu lwazi ekutshintsheni abantu abaqhubeka betshaya, ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka, kwiimveliso zokuhanjiswa kwe-nicotine ezinobungozi.".
Asinakukwazi ukwenza okwahlukileyo eSwitzerland. Isigqeba esilawulayo asikwazi kwelinye icala ukuxhasa iQhinga leSizwe loThintelo lweZifo eziNgaSuleleni. (Isicwangciso seDTM) kunye neSicwangciso soBuchule beSizwe (uBuchule bokuLula) ngelixa siqhubeka, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukudlala ngempilo yabasebenzisi be-nicotine. Isicwangciso sokusebenza sika-2017-2024 seSicwangciso-qhinga se-MNT, esiwela kwisakhelo se-3.4 ye-United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, ibonelela kwintsimi yayo yokusebenza n ° 1:
« Ngokuhambelana nesicwangciso se-NCD, iinkqubo ezikhoyo zokukhusela kunye nokukhuthaza impilo ziphuhliswa ukuphucula ukusebenza kokuthintela umhlaza, izifo zentliziyo, izifo ezingapheliyo zokuphefumla, isifo sikashukela kunye ne-musculoskeletal. Njengangaphambili, ngumbuzo wokuthintela ukutshaya, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kotywala, ukutya okungenakulinganisela kunye nendlela yokuphila yokuhlala phantsi kuzo zonke izigaba zobomi. Abantu ngabanye baxhaswa kwiinzame zabo zokunciphisa le miba yengozi, ukuphumeza izinto ezikhuselayo kunye nokuphuhlisa indlela yokuphila enempilo. Ngaloo ndlela izakhono zempilo kunye noxanduva lwabantu ziyaqiniswa. Iindlela "zobomi" kunye "nendawo yokuhlala" ziyaqiniswa, kwaye amathuba alinganayo ayakhuthazwa. Amava aqokelelwe kumxholo wothintelo kunye neenkqubo zokukhuthaza impilo kunye neziphumo zezifundo zenzululwazi zenza isiseko solwazi olukhulu ekusebenzeni kwamanyathelo. Baye baqulunqa isakhelo sereferensi xa kuchazwa imilinganiselo. »
Ukunciphisa izinto ezinobungozi akuthethi nje "ukuziyeka ngokupheleleyo". Ukukhokela, ukwazisa kunye nokuququzelela inguqu kwiindlela ezinciphisa kakhulu zomngcipheko wokusetyenziswa kubalulekile ukuxhasa abantu abasebenzisa inikotini. Ukuba kubalulekile ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwecuba elitshayayo (ukutshaya), kungenxa yokutsha okuvelisa i-carbon monoxide, iitar kunye namasuntswana aqinileyo aqinileyo. Ukutsha kwezityalo, nokuba yintsimi na, kuvelisa umsi oyingozi kakhulu kwimvelaphi yezifo ezingosuleliyo. Ngokutsho kweGlobal Burden of Disease Study 2015 (GBD 2015, I-Lancet) umsi wecuba (ngoko ukutsha) yimbangela e-Switzerland ye-44% ye-DALYs (unyaka wobomi obukhubazekileyo) ezinxulumene nezifo ezingapheliyo zendlela yokuphefumula, i-24% ye-DALY edibaniswa nomhlaza kunye ne-14,5, i-XNUMX% ye-DALYs. ezinxulumene nezifo zentliziyo. Ngoko ke ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, ukutshisa okufuneka kulwelwe ukunciphisa kakhulu imingcipheko yezifo ezingasuleliyo. Kufuneka kuliwe ngokwazisa abantu ngokuchanekileyo malunga nemingcipheko yeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-nicotine kunye nezinye izinto kunye nokukhuthaza ukwamkelwa kweendlela zokusetyenziswa ngaphandle kokutsha. Kambe ke, sinokucinga ngehlabathi elilungeleleneyo elingenacuba nelingenayo inikotini, kanye njengokuba sasiphupha ngehlabathi elingenazo iziyobisi. Amava abonisa ukusilela kolu hlobo lweprojekthi.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kukhalinyelwa kangakanani na ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, abantu bayaqhubeka bezisebenzisa. Umgaqo wokunciphisa ingozi kunye nokunciphisa ingozi yindlela yepragmatic eye yazibonakalisa kwiindawo ezininzi (ukhuseleko ezindleleni, ukulwa noGawulayo, umgaqo-nkqubo weziyobisi, njl.), lixesha elifanelekileyo lokuyisebenzisa ekusetyenzisweni kwe-nicotine eSwitzerland njengoko kubonelelwe. kwingongoma 3.1.3 yesicwangciso sokusebenza sowama-2017-2024 seSicwangciso soBuchule bokuZiqhelanisa:
« Ukwandiswa kokunciphisa umngcipheko: ikakhulu esetyenziswayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwizinto ezingekho semthethweni, indlela yokunciphisa umngcipheko - ebandakanya ukunciphisa umonakalo odityaniswe nokuziphatha okunobungozi kunye nokuseka izibonelelo ezingafikelelekiyo kuphela kubathinteli - kufuneka zandiswe kuzo zonke iindlela zokulutha. xa kubonwa kufanelekile kwaye kuyimfuneko. » .
Zonke izinto zimi endaweni yolawulo olukhawulezayo noluphakathi lweemveliso zomphunga phantsi kwe-LDAl ukubonelela ngokhuseleko kunye nokufumaneka kubasebenzisi be-nicotine. Zonke iinkalo ngaphandle kwentando yesigqeba solawulo. Sisiphi isizathu esitsha awasifumanayo sokuqhubeka engenzi nto phezu kwako nje ukungxamiseka okucacileyo? Izibheno ezibini ezichasene nesigqibo se-FSVO phambi kweNkundla yoLawulo lwe-Federal (TAF) zisalindile. Isigqeba esilawulayo sinokusebenzisa loo nyaniso ukwandisa ukuvalwa kwayo, sixoxa ngelithi izandla zaso zibotshelelwe kude kube ngummiselo wenkundla. Ukulinda ukunyanzeliswa sisigqibo senkundla ukuba aphinde athathele ingqalelo ukhetho lwakhe oluyingozi, kunokuba ekugqibeleni abonise uxanduva lwakhe. Iya kuba kukukhohlisa okunye. Ngalo naliphi na ixesha, i-FSVO inokusirhoxisa isigqibo sayo sokuvala ukuthengiswa kweemveliso zomphunga ezine-nicotine, ngaloo ndlela iphelisa iinkqubo, eziye zangenanjongo, phambi kwe-TAF. Ukuba umnumzana Berset une-panache encinci, kufuneka alibambe ithuba lokuba ngumdlali olungileyo. Nabani na angayenza impazamo, akulunganga ukuba nje ulungisa iimpazamo zakho.
Iimveliso zomphunga zibeka imingcipheko embalwa yempilo kwaye ayifuni lawulo olunzima. Nangona kunjalo, banezibonelelo ezininzi kwimpilo yoluntu. I-LDA sele ibonelela ngesakhelo esiyimfuneko sokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabasebenzisi. Imithetho elula nekulula ukuyiqonda kubasebenzisi benikotini iya kuqinisekisa ukwamkelwa ngcono kwesixhobo sokunciphisa umngcipheko kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko ophuphumayo. Kufuneka ihambe kunye nolwazi olucacileyo nolungenamkhethe kwiiprofayili zomngcipheko weendlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwe-nicotine. Impilo yoluntu yaseSwitzerland sele ihlupheke kakhulu ngenxa yehlazo elibangelwe sisigqeba esiqhuba ngenkani indlela engekho ngqiqweni neyingozi. Lifikile ixesha lokulungisa umfanekiso.
imvelaphi : Hivape
