Embikweni wakamuva, i-WHO ithi izingane ezincane zivalwe ukubukela amafilimu lapho abalingisi bebonakala bebhema. Kodwa le mpi ayizwani ngazwi linye
Ingabe izingane kufanele zivinjelwe kumafilimu lapho abalingisi bebonakala bebhema? Lokhu noma kunjalo kuyisifiso seWorld Health Organisation (WHO). Embikweni oshicilelwe ku-1er February, uthi a « ukuhlukaniswa kweminyaka » amafilimu esisebenzisa kuwo ugwayi. « Inhloso ukuvimbela izingane kanye nentsha ukuthi iqale ukubhema”, ikhombisa i-WHO, iqinisekisa ukuthi i-cinema “kwenza izigidi zentsha zibe izigqila zikagwayi ".
Ugwayi ku-36% wamafilimu ezingane
Isikhungo seNhlangano Yezizwe sibhekise ikakhulukazi ezifundweni ezenziwa e-United States, yiCenter for Disease Control and Prevention e-Atlanta. Ngokwale nhlangano, ngo-2014, umbukwane wokusetshenziswa kukagwayi emafilimini wawuyokhuthaza izingane zaseMelika ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyisithupha ukuba zibheme.
« Izigidi ezimbili kuzo zizobulawa izifo ezihlobene nogwayi " ixwayisa i-WHO, ithi ngo-2014 ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi kwavela ku-44% wamafilimu akhiqizwa eHollywood. Futhi ku-36% wamafilimu aqondiswe kubantu abasha.
Ukumelwa ugwayi ngisho ngaphandle intuthu
Lesi sinyathelo se-WHO samukelwe nguMichèle Delaunay, iLungu lePhalamende leSocialist laseGironde, elithuthuke kakhulu ngale ndaba. « Izigcawu zokubhema zikhona ku-80% wamafilimu e-French », igcizelela isekela, elikhipha lesi sibalo ocwaningweni olwenziwa yiNhlangano yokulwa nomdlavuza.
Ishicilelwe ngo-2012, le nhlolovo yenziwa kumafilimu ayimpumelelo angu-180 akhishwe phakathi kuka-2005 no-2010. « Kuma-80% alawa mafilimu afakiwe, kube nezimo ezinokumelwa kukagwayi. Kungaba ngezibalo ezibhemayo noma ngezinto ezifana nezilayishi, izitsha zomlotha noma amaphakethe kagwayi », igcizelela u-Yana Dimitrova, umphathi wephrojekthi ku-League.
Ekuqaleni isu lokubekwa komkhiqizo
Ugwayi ebhayisikobho? Eqinisweni, yindaba ende yobudlelwano obuyimfihlo nobude obungaziwa. Ngempela, kwadingeka ukunyatheliswa kwemibhalo egciniwe yezinkampani ezinkulu zikagwayi ukuthola ukuthi izinkampani zase zikhokhe isikhathi eside ukuze imikhiqizo yazo ibonakale emafilimini.
« Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi ukubekwa komkhiqizo. Futhi isebenza kahle kakhulu ekukhangiseni ngobuhlakani ngaphandle, ezikhathini eziningi, umphakathi ongenalwazi ukuqaphele. " kuchaza uKarine Gallopel-Morvan, uprofesa wokumaketha komphakathi eSikoleni Sezifundo Ezithuthukile Kwezempilo Yomphakathi eRennes.
Ukuthuthukisa ukubhema kwabesifazane
Le mikhuba yaqala ngeminyaka yawo-1930 e-United States, ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukisa ukubhema kwabesifazane. « Ngaleso sikhathi, ukubhema kwakungathandwa kakhulu kowesifazane. Futhi i-cinema ibe yindlela enhle kakhulu yokugqamisa isithombe sikagwayi esivuzayo nesicatshangwa ukuthi siyakhulula ngokwenza abalingisi abadumile babheme. " kuqhuba uKarine Gallopel-Morvan.
Ngemva kwempi, lelisu laqhubeka lithuthuka. « Kunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi amamuvi nobuntu banethonya elikhulu kubathengi kunephosta emile yephakethe likagwayi. », yabonisa ngo-1989 incwadi yangaphakathi yefemu enkulu kagwayi.
Encwadini eyanyatheliswa ngo-2003, uProfesa Gérard Dubois, udokotela wezempilo yomphakathi, wembula ukuthi izinkampani azizange zingabaze ukumboza izihlabani ezinkulu zebhayisikobho yaseMelika ngezipho (amawashi, ubucwebe, izimoto). Noma ukuhlinzeka abadlali njalo ngogwayi abawuthandayo ukuze babheme empilweni kodwa nasesikrinini.
Isithombe esikude neqiniso
Namuhla, kunzima ukwazi ukuthi ngabe lokhu kubekwa komkhiqizo, okuvame ukuvinjelwa umthetho wokulwa nogwayi, kuyaqhubeka nokuba khona ngaphansi komhlaba. Kunoma yikuphi ukugwetshwa kwezinhlangano ezibheka ukuthi amafilimu amaningi kakhulu aveza isithombe esitholakala yonke indawo nesivuzayo sikagwayi.
Ngaphandle kokucabangela iqiniso lokubhema. « Lapho sibona, ngo-1950, amadoda angama-70% abhema efilimini, kwakuyinto evamile. Ngoba ngaleso sikhathi, amadoda angama-70% ayebhema eFrance. Kodwa namuhla akuwenzi umqondo ukuthi usakubona lokhu efilimini kuyilapho ukusabalala kungamaphesenti angama-30 ezweni lakithi. " kuchaza u-Emmanuelle Béguinot, umqondisi weKomiti Likazwelonke Elimelene Nokubhema (CNCT).
Hlonipha inkululeko yokudala yomqondisi
Le ngxabano ayinasisekelo ngokusho kuka-Adrien Gombeaud, umbhali kanye nentatheli eshicilele Ugwayi nesinema. Indaba yenganekwane (Scope Editions) ngo-2008. « Lezi zindaba ezingamaphesenti ziwumbhedo. Ngokwalesi simiso, kufanele futhi kube nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi okungu-10% kuwo wonke amafilimu, Uyachaza. Futhi uma silandela ukucabanga kwezinhlangano, kungadingeka ukuthi, ekujaheni esikrinini, izimoto zingeqi umkhawulo wejubane. »
Ngokuka-Adrien Gombeaud, ifilimu ayiyona indawo yokuvimbela evela eMnyangweni Wezempilo. « Kungumsebenzi. Futhi kufanele uhloniphe inkululeko yokudala yomqondisi. Uma sibona abantu abaningi bebhema kumabhayisikobho, kungenxa yokuthi abenzi bamafilimu abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ugwayi noma intuthu kagwayi inamandla amakhulu obuhle. Kungase futhi kube isici sesiteji. Isibonelo, lapho umqondisi enza ishothi emile kumlingisi, iqiniso lokuthi unogwayi esandleni sakhe lidala ukunyakaza. Ngaphandle kukagwayi, uhlelo lungase lufe kancane », kuchaza u-Adrien Gombeaud, wengeza ngokuthi ugwayi futhi uyindlela enhle yokubeka ngokushesha umlingiswa esakhiweni.
« Ngoba ugwayi umaka womphakathi. Futhi indlela umlingisi abhema ngayo ikhombisa ngokushesha isimo sakhe. Isibonelo, indlela uJean Gabin abamba ngayo ugwayi wakhe emafilimini akhe okuqala, lapho ehlanganisa i-French proletariat, ayihlangene nhlobo nendlela ayebhema ngayo lapho edlala izindima zonxiwankulu engxenyeni yesibili yomsebenzi wakhe. »
Sakaza izindawo ezimelene nogwayi ngaphambi kwefilimu?
Ngasohlangothini lwezinhlangano, siyazivikela kunoma yisiphi isifiso sokuhlolwa. « Asiceli ukunyamalala ngokuphelele kukagwayi emafilimini. Kodwa njalo, sibona izigcawu ezingangezi lutho esakhiweni sefilimu. Isibonelo ukuvala iphakheji enophawu olubonakala ngokucacile " kusho u-Emmanuelle Béguinot.
« Akumele kuphinde kunikezwe uxhaso lomphakathi kumafilimu aqhakambisa ugwayi ngale ndlela " kukholwa uMichele Delaunay. Ku-Karine Gallopel-Morvan, ukuvimbela kufanele kuthuthukiswe. « Umuntu angacabanga ukuthi ngaphambi kwefilimu ngayinye “ebhemayo”, kuzosakazwa indawo emelene nokubhema noma yokuqwashisa ababukeli abasebasha. »
► UGWABA EMAFILIMENI ABANGAPHANDLE
Ngokusho kwe-WHO, phakathi kuka-2002 no-2014, izithombe zokusetshenziswa kukagwayi zivela cishe ezingxenyeni ezimbili kwezintathu (59%) zamahithi amakhulu kakhulu ebhayisikobho yaseMelika. Umbiko wayo ubonisa nokuthi e-Iceland nase-Argentina, amafilimu ayisishiyagalolunye kwayishumi akhiqizwayo, kuhlanganise namafilimu ahloselwe intsha, abonisa ukubhema ugwayi.
Umthombo : la-croix.com
