Kugalari yesayithi Lorientlejour.com“, isazi sokulutha nogwayi waseYunivesithi yaseGrenoble Alpes sagxila kakhulu esimweni sala mazwe aye aphumelela ukuvimbela abantu ukuba bangabhemi. Idlanzana lamazwe anjenge-Ireland ne-Australia, noma isizwe esinjengeScotland (Great Britain), aye aphumelela ukuyekisa izakhamuzi zawo ekubhemeni. Bakwenze kanjani?
AMANYE AMAZWE APHUMELELE EKUVIMBENI ABANTU KUBA ABAGAMA.
Idlanzana lamazwe anjenge-Ireland ne-Australia, noma isizwe esinjengeScotland (Great Britain), aye aphumelela ukuyekisa izakhamuzi zawo ekubhemeni. Bakwenze kanjani? Ngokuthumela iqoqo eliphelele lezinyathelo eziqinile, manje eseziyisibonelo okufanele silandelwe ekulweni nokulutheka kwe-nicotine.
IFrance iphinde yathatha enye yalezi zinyathelo, iphakethe likagwayi elingathathi hlangothi, elisebenza kusukela ngoJanuwari 1. Kodwa iFrance manje isiphakathi nendawo. Uma ingasebenzi ngesikhathi esisodwa kwezinye izinsimbi, ikakhulukazi ngokubeka ukulandelana kokunyuka kwentengo okunamandla kakhulu, imiphumela maningi amathuba okuthi... ingabi khona.
Umuntu oyedwa kwababili ababhemayo uzobulawa ugwayi, kusho i-World Health Organization (WHO). Izindleko zezomnotho zezifo ezihlobene nogwayi emhlabeni zilinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-422 zamaRandi (cishe ama-euro ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-400), ngokocwaningo olwanyatheliswa ngo-January 4 ephephabhukwini elithi Tobacco Control. Ngakho-ke, kuyaqondakala ukuthi i-WHO inxuse ohulumeni, kusukela ngo-2003, ukuthi baxoxisane bonke ngezindlela ezingasetshenziswa ekulweni nalesi sihlava. Kuze kube manje, amazwe angu-180 asevumile isivumelwano seZizwe Ezihlangene kule ndaba, i-Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.
Isu elamukelwe yilo mhlangano lisekelwe ekuvinjweni kokukhangisa kukagwayi, ukwenyuka kwentengo ngezintela, ukuvikelwa kwabangabhemi ekubhemeni banganakwa, imfundo kanye nolwazi ngezingozi zikagwayi nosizo lokuyeka ukubhema.
UKULWA AMASU Embonini kagwayi
Ngo-2016, iNgqungquthela yesi-7 Yamaqembu (okungukuthi amazwe ayivumile), i-COP7, nayo yacela ukulwa "namasu emboni kagwayi abukela phansi noma ahlanekezela ukulawulwa kukagwayi".
Kwabasayinayo, abanye bazibonakalise ngokwenza umsebenzi wokwenza ugwayi kube isidala entsheni nokunqanda iningi labantu abadala ekubhemeni. I-Ireland, okokuqala. Uhulumeni waseDublin wamisa ukuvinjelwa kokubhema ezindaweni zomphakathi nasezindaweni ezihlangene kusukela ngo-2004. Umthetho wawo wokulwa nokubhema uthathwa njengowodwa oqinile okhona, njengoba ukuvinjelwa kusebenza nasezindaweni zokucima ukoma, izindawo zokudlela, izindawo zokudlela, amakilabhu, kodwa futhi. izindawo zokusebenza, izakhiwo zomphakathi, izimoto zenkampani, amaloli, amatekisi namaveni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inwebela kumjikelezo otholakala endaweni engamamitha ama-3 ukusuka kulezi zindawo. Emashibhini, ukuthuthuka kwekhwalithi yomoya kanye nokusebenza kokuphefumula kwamakhasimende nabaphakeli kufakazelwa yizifundo ezimbalwa, njengalolo olwenziwa ngonyaka ngemuva kokuvinjelwa, umbiko weHhovisi lase-Ireland lokulawula ugwayi noma lowo Umnyango Wezempilo wase-Ireland.
Ukuphoqelelwa kwemithetho yokulawula ugwayi kwehlise ngokushesha izinga lokubhenywa ezweni lisuka ku-29% ngo-2004 laya ku-18,6% ngo-2016, ngokusho koMnyango Wezempilo wase-Ireland. Uma kuqhathaniswa, leli zinga lehle kancane eFrance, lisuka ku-30% ngo-2004 laya ku-28% ngo-2016 - libuye lizinzile kusukela ngo-2014, ngokusho kweFrench Observatory for Drugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT). Inhloso elandelayo ithi “I-Ireland engenawo ugwayi” ngo-2025, okusho ukuthi bangaphansi kuka-5% ababhemayo emphakathini.
IScotland ilandele eduze i-Ireland, ivota eminyakeni emibili ngemuva kokuvala ugwayi ezindaweni zomphakathi nasezindaweni zomphakathi. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwehlise izinga lokubhenywa kwabantu baseScots lisuka ku-26,5% ngo-2004 laya ku-21% ngo-2016. Ngo-2016, iScotland yaqhubeka nokuvala abantu abadala ekubhemeni ezimotweni zabo lapho kukhona izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka . Lokhu kufanele kusindise izingane ezingu-60 ngonyaka ezingozini ezihambisana nokubhema unganyakazi, kusho ilungu lePhalamende uJim Hume, ekuqaleni kombhalo womthetho.
Omunye umpetha ekulweni nogwayi, i-Australia. Iphuzu eliqinile eliyinhloko lalelizwe? Ukwamukelwa kokupakishwa kogwayi okungenasisekelo ngo-2012. Izinga lokudlanga kokubhema, elase livele lilinganisiwe, lehle kakhulu, lisuka ku-16,1% ngo-2011-2012 laya ku-14,7% ngo-2014-2015. Leli zwe manje lihlose ukuhlanganisa iphakethe lokungathathi hlangothi kanye nokukhuphuka kwentela yonyaka ngo-12,5% unyaka ngamunye iminyaka emi-4. Iphakethe likagwayi, okwamanje elikuma-euro angu-16,8, lizobe selikhuphuka lifinyelele… kuma-euro angu-27 ngo-2020. Umgomo uwukuba lehle libe ngaphansi kuka-10% wababhemayo ngo-2018.
Ngemithetho yawo ecasulayo emelene nogwayi, la mazwe abangela ukusabela kwabakhiqizi bakagwayi. Abakhiqizi, ababizwa ngeBig Tobacco ka-5 ngobukhulu (Imperial Tobacco, British American Tobacco, Philip Morris, Japan Tobacco International, China Tobacco), empeleni bathathela izinyathelo zomthetho amazwe amukelayo, ngokwesibonelo, ukupakisha nje. Bamangalela ukwephulwa kwempahla yengqondo nenkululeko yokuhweba kanye nobungozi bokwenza umgunyathi, ngezizathu zokuthi kulula ukukopisha la maphakheji. Ngakho, i-Japan Tobacco International yafaka isikhalazo e-Ireland ngokumelene nephakheji yokungathathi hlangothi ngo-2015. Isinqumo asikakakhishwa.
U-PHILIP MORRIS UCHITHELE ISIKHALAZO SAKHE ESIPHIKISANA NE-PACKAGE ENGAPHAKATHI
Ezingeni laseYurophu, iNkantolo Yezobulungiswa Ye-European Union (CJEU) yasichitha, ngoMeyi 4, 2016, isikhalazo sikaPhilip Morris International kanye neBritish American Tobacco ngokumelene nomthetho omusha waseYurophu ohlanganisa ukungathathi hlangothi. E-Australia, uPhilip Morris waxoshwa esikhalazweni esifanayo ngoDisemba 2015 yi-Investment Arbitration Tribunal mayelana namalungelo empahla yengqondo. Uyalwe ukuba ahoxise ilogo futhi alahle i-graph charter yemikhiqizo yakhe.
EFrance, sikuphi? IFrance yaqala ukudlala, ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, ekwenyukeni kwamanani entengo, okwabangela ukwehla cishe kwengxenye yesithathu ekuthengisweni kukagwayi. Njengoba uSolwazi uGérard Dubois esho kuRevue des Maladies Respiraires, ukunyuka okukhulu kwentengo kagwayi ngo-2003 (8,3% ngoJanuwari, 18% ngo-Okthoba) kwathi ngo-2004 (8,5% ngoJanuwari) kwaholela esikhathini esifanayo. lehle izinga labantu ababhemayo ngo-12%, kanti isibalo sababhemayo sehle sisuka ku-15,3 million saya ku-13,5 million.
Kamuva, ukwanda okumaphakathi kakhulu kwaba nomphumela omncane kakhulu, njengoba kuboniswe ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ngo-2013 ngudokotela wezifo eziwumshayabhuqe we-Gustave Roussy Institute, uCatherine Hill. Kuleli phuzu, umbiko weNkantolo Yabacwaningi Bamabhuku ka-February 2016 ucacile: “Kuzobekwa ukwenyuka kwamanani okuqinile nokuqhubekayo. Ngakho-ke iNkantolo Yabacwaningi Bamabhuku incoma "ukusebenzisa inqubomgomo yokunyuka kwamanani okuqhubekayo esikhathini eside ngokusebenzisa ithuluzi lentela ezingeni elanele ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo nokuhlala njalo". Yilokho kanye okwanqunywa e-Australia.
EFrance, sisekude nophawu. Ngomhla zingama-20 kuNhlolanja, intengo kagwayi ogingqikayo yenyuka ngo-15% ngokwesilinganiso, noma phakathi kwe-euro engu-1 kanye ne-euro engu-1,50 eyengeziwe ngephakethe ngalinye. Amaphakethe kagwayi ayaqhubeka nokudayiswa ngama-euro aphakathi kuka-6,50 no-7, njengoba abakhiqizi beye bakuhoxisa ukukhuphuka kwentengo naphezu kokwenyuswa kwentela. Ngo-March 10, isinqumo sathathwa sokwenyusa kuphela intengo kagwayi oshibhe kakhulu, ngokunyuka kwamasenti angu-10 kuya kwangu-20 e-euro iphakethe ngalinye.
Ngokwalo, iphakheji engathathi hlangothi ayinakwenzeka ukunciphisa inani lababhemayo. Ngempela, inhlanganisela yezinyathelo eziningana eziholela ekusebenzeni kahle. Uma iFrance inethemba lokuthi ngelinye ilanga izoba yisibonelo kwamanye amazwe ngokulawula kwayo ugwayi, kuyodingeka ithole ugqozi emazweni anjenge-Australia noma i-Ireland futhi ithathe izinyathelo eziqinile kakhulu.
