Kwigalari yendawo Lorientlejour.com“, ingcali yeziyobisi nengcali yecuba yeYunivesithi yaseGrenoble Alpes yahlala icinga ngemeko yala mazwe aye aphumelela ukuthintela abantu ekutshayeni. Iqaqobana lamazwe anjengeIreland neOstreliya, okanye isizwe esinjengeSkotlani (eGreat Britain), aye aphumelela ekubayekiseni abemi bawo ekutshayeni. Bakwenza njani oko?
AMANYE AMAZWE APHUMELELE EKUthinteleni ABANTU EKUTSHAYENI.
Iqaqobana lamazwe anjengeIreland neOstreliya, okanye isizwe esinjengeSkotlani (eGreat Britain), aye aphumelela ekubayekiseni abemi bawo ekutshayeni. Bakwenza njani oko? Ngokuthumela i-panoply epheleleyo yamanyathelo abukhali, ngoku angumzekelo wokulandelwa kumlo ochasene ne-nicotine.
IFransi ithathe enye yala manyathelo, ipakethe yecuba engathathi hlangothi, esebenzayo ukusukela nge-1 kaJanuwari. Kodwa ngoku iFransi iphakathi kwi-ford. Ukuba ayisebenzi ngaxeshanye kwezinye izixhasi, ngokukodwa ngokumisela ulandelelwano lokunyuka kwamaxabiso okuqatha, iziphumo zilindeleke kakhulu… zingabikho.
Intshayi enye kwababini iza kufa ngenxa yokutshaya, itsho njalo iWorld Health Organization (WHO). Iindleko zezoqoqosho zezifo ezinxulumene necuba kwihlabathi ziqikelelwa kwi-422 yezigidigidi zeedola (malunga ne-400 yezigidigidi zee-euro), ngokutsho kophando olupapashwe ngoJanuwari 4 kwiphephancwadi Ulawulo lweTobacco. Ke ngoko, kuyaqondakala ukuba i-WHO ibongoze oorhulumente, kwasekuqaleni kowama-2003, ukuba baxoxe bebonke ngeendlela ezinokuba luncedo ekulweni nesi sibetho. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, amazwe ali-180 aye asamkele isivumelwano seZizwe eziManyeneyo ngalo mbandela, iNkqubo-sikhokelo yoLawulo lweCuba.
Isicwangciso esamkelwe yile ngqungquthela sisekelwe ekuthinteleni intengiso yecuba, ukunyuka kwexabiso ngeerhafu, ukukhuselwa kwabantu abangatshayiyo ekutshayeni, imfundo kunye nolwazi malunga neengozi zecuba kunye noncedo lokuyeka ukutshaya.
UKULWA AMAQHINGA OSHISHINO LWECUBA
Kwi-2016, iNkomfa ye-7 yeNgqungquthela yamaQela (oko kukuthi amazwe ayivumileyo), i-COP7, nayo yabiza ukulwa "namaqhinga oshishino lwecuba olujongela phantsi okanye olugqwetha ulawulo lwecuba".
Phakathi kwabatyobeleyo, bambi baye bazibalula ngokwenza umsebenzi wokwenza icuba libe yinto yakudala kulutsha nokungakhuthazi inkoliso yabantu abakhulu ekutshayeni. EIreland, kubaqalayo. Urhulumente waseDublin uye wavala ukutshaya kwiindawo zikawonke wonke nakwiindawo ezidityanelweyo kwasekuqaleni ngo-2004. Umthetho wawo wokuchasa ukutshaya uthathwa njengowona ungqongqo, njengoko ukuvalwa kwawo kusebenza kwiibhari, kwiindawo zentselo, kwiindawo zokutyela, kwiiklabhu, kodwa kwakhona. iindawo zokusebenza, izakhiwo zikawonke-wonke, izithuthi zenkampani, iilori, iiteksi neeveni. Ukongeza, ifikelela kwiperimeter ebekwe ngaphakathi kwiradiyasi yeemitha ezi-3 ukusuka kwezi ndawo. Kwii-pubs, ukuphucuka komgangatho womoya kunye nomsebenzi wokuphefumla wabathengi kunye nabartenders kungqinwa zizifundo ezininzi, ezifana naleyo yenziwa unyaka emva kokuvalwa umlomo, ingxelo yeOfisi yokulawula icuba yaseIreland okanye eye ISebe lezeMpilo lase-Ireland.
Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wokulawula icuba kuye kwanciphisa ngokukhawuleza izinga lokutshaya kweli lizwe ukusuka kwi-29% kwi-2004 ukuya kwi-18,6% kwi-2016, ngokweSebe lezeMpilo lase-Ireland. Ngokuthelekisa, eli nqanaba liye lancipha kancinci eFransi, ukusuka kwi-30% kwi-2004 ukuya kwi-28% kwi-2016 - iphinde izinzile ukususela ngo-2014, ngokutsho kweFrench Observatory yeDrugs and Drug Addiction (OFDT). Injongo elandelayo “yi-Ireland ngaphandle kwecuba” ngo-2025, oko kukuthi ngaphantsi kwe-5% yabantu abatshayayo.
IScotland ilandele ngokusondeleyo i-Ireland, ivota iminyaka emibini emva kokuvala ukutshaya kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke nakwiindawo zoluntu. Isicelo sayo sanciphisa izinga lokutshaya kwe-Scots ukusuka kwi-26,5% ngo-2004 ukuya kwi-21% ngo-2016. Ngo-2016, iSkotlani yaqhubela phambili ngokuvala abantu abadala ukuba batshaye kwiimoto zabo phambi kwabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka . Oku kufuneka kusindise abantwana abangama-60 ngonyaka imingcipheko enxulumene nokutshaya, utshilo u-MP uJim Hume, kwinyathelo lokuqala lombhalo womthetho.
Enye intshatsheli kumlo ochasene necuba, yiOstreliya. Eyona ngongoma eyomeleleyo yeli lizwe? Ukwamkelwa kokupakishwa kwe-cigarette ecacileyo ngo-2012. Izinga lokuxhaphazwa kokutshaya, ebelisele liphakathi, liye lehla ngakumbi, ukusuka kwi-16,1% ngo-2011-2012 ukuya kwi-14,7% ngo-2014-2015. Eli lizwe ngoku lijonge ukudibanisa iphakheji engathathi hlangothi kunye nokunyuswa kwerhafu yonyaka nge-12,5% ngonyaka iminyaka emi-4. Ipakethi yecuba, okwangoku kwi-16,8 ye-euro, emva koko iya kunyuka ukuya kwi-… 27 euros ngo-2020. Injongo kukwehla ngaphantsi kwe-10% yabantu abatshayayo ngo-2018.
Ngemigaqo yawo ekhubekisayo yokuchasa icuba, la mazwe axhokonxa impembelelo yabenzi becuba. Abavelisi, ababizwa ngokuba yi-Big Tobacco ye-5 enkulu (i-Imperial Tobacco, i-British American Tobacco, i-Philip Morris, i-Japan Tobacco International, i-China Tobacco), eneneni ithatha amanyathelo asemthethweni ngokuchasene namazwe awamkelayo, umzekelo, ukupakisha okucacileyo. Bamangalela ukunyhashwa kwepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda kunye nenkululeko yorhwebo kunye nomngcipheko wokwenziwa komgunyathi, ngesizathu sokuba ezi phakheji kulula ukuzikhuphela. Ngaloo ndlela, iJapan Tobacco International yafaka isikhalazo e-Ireland malunga nephakheji yokungathathi hlangothi ngo-2015. Isigqibo asikakwenziwa.
U-PHILIP MORRIS USICHITHILE ISIKHALAZO SAKHE NGOKUNXA NE-PACKAGE ENGOKO
Kwinqanaba laseYurophu, iNkundla yoBulungisa yeEuropean Union (CJEU) yasikhaba, ngoMeyi 4, 2016, isibheno sikaPhilip Morris International kunye neBritish American Tobacco ngokuchasene nomthetho omtsha waseYurophu owenza ukupakishwa okucacileyo. E-Australia, uFilipu Morris wagxothwa kwisikhalazo esifanayo ngoDisemba 2015 yiNkundla yokuLawulwa koTyalo-mali ngokumalunga namalungelo epropathi yengqondo. Wayalelwa ukuba ayirhoxise i-logo kwaye ayilahle i-graphic charter yeempawu zakhe.
EFransi, siphi? IFransi yaqala ukudlala, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-2000, ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso, nto leyo ebangele ukuhla kwesithathu kwintengiso yecuba. Njengoko uNjingalwazi uGérard Dubois echaza kwiRevue des Maladies Respiraires, ukunyuka okubukhali kwexabiso lecuba ngo-2003 (8,3% ngoJanuwari, 18% ngo-Oktobha) ngoko ngo-2004 (8,5% ngoJanuwari) kwakhokelela kwixesha elifanayo. lehla kuxhaphaka lokutshaya nge-12%, kunye nenani labatshayayo lehla ukusuka kwi-15,3 yezigidi ukuya kwi-13,5 yezigidi.
Emva koko, ukonyuka okuphakathi kakhulu kwaba nesiphumo esincinci kakhulu, njengoko kubonisiwe kuphononongo olupapashwe ngo-2013 ngugqirha wezifo zezifo zeGustave Roussy Institute, Catherine Hill. Kule ngongoma, ingxelo yeNkundla yabaPhicothi-zincwadi kaFebruwari 2016 icacile: “Kuza kumiselwa ukonyuka kwamaxabiso okuqatha nokuqhubekayo. Ngako oko iNkundla yabaPhicothi-zincwadi icebisa “ukuphumeza umgaqo-nkqubo wokunyuka kwamaxabiso okuzinzileyo kwixesha elide ngokusebenzisa isixhobo serhafu kwizinga elaneleyo ukuze kuthotywe usetyenziso olusebenzayo noluhlala luhleli”. Kanye oko kwagqitywa eOstreliya.
EFransi, sisekude nophawu. Ngomhla wama-20 kaFebruwari, ixabiso lecuba lenyuka ngomyinge we-15%, okanye phakathi kwe-euro e-1 kunye ne-1,50 ye-euro eyongezelelweyo ngepakethi nganye. Iipakethi zecuba ziyaqhubeka zithengisa phakathi kwe-6,50 kunye ne-7 euros, njengoko abavelisi baye bayeka ukunyuka kwexabiso nangona ukunyuka kwerhafu. Ngomhla we-10 ka-Matshi, isigqibo sathathwa sokunyusa kuphela ixabiso le-cigarettes engabizi kakhulu, ngokunyuka kwe-10 ukuya kwi-20 yeesenti ze-euro ngepakethi.
Ngokwayo, iphakheji engathathi hlangothi ayinakwenzeka ukunciphisa umlinganiselo wabantu abatshayayo. Ngokwenene, kukudityaniswa kwemilinganiselo emininzi ekhokelela ekusebenzeni kakuhle. Ukuba iFransi inethemba lokuba ngenye imini iya kuba ngumzekelo kwamanye amazwe kulawulo lwayo lwecuba, kuya kufuneka ifumane inkuthazo kumazwe anjengeOstreliya okanye iIreland kwaye ithabathe amanyathelo aqatha ngakumbi.
